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. 2025 Jul 23;15(15):2169. doi: 10.3390/ani15152169

Table 6.

Effect of creep feeding from birth to the suckling period on volatile fatty acid in the rumen and feces of calves.

Items Control Treatment SEM 1 p-Value 2
Rumen
3 months of age
 Acetate (%, total VFA) 27.03 26.32 2.72 1.000
 Propionate (%, total VFA) 23.88 23.24 3.96 0.343
 Butyrate (%, total VFA) 5.65 7.03 0.76 1.000
 Total VFA (mM) 56.56 56.59 7.21 0.486
6 months of age
 Acetate (%, total VFA) 42.04 31.32 3.51 0.686
 Propionate (%, total VFA) 38.21 24.10 3.98 0.686
 Butyrate (%, total VFA) 9.78 7.82 1.22 0.886
 Total VFA (mM) 90.03 63.24 8.27 0.686
Feces
3 months of age
 Acetate (%, total VFA) 21.22 31.16 3.41 0.686
 Propionate (%, total VFA) 6.52 10.55 1.05 0.486
 Butyrate (%, total VFA) 1.65 2.91 0.34 0.486
 Total VFA (mM) 29.39 44.63 4.71 0.686
6 months of age
 Acetate (%, total VFA) 37.53 18.36 3.78 0.343
 Propionate (%, total VFA) 10.94 7.73 0.97 0.343
 Butyrate (%, total VFA) 3.99 1.40 0.49 0.343
 Total VFA (mM) 52.46 27.49 5.13 0.343

1 SEM: standard error of the mean. 2 p-Value: p-Values were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank sum test (non-parametric).