. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 13.

Published in final edited form as: Urban Stud. 2023 Jul 30;61(5):943–967. doi: 10.1177/00420980231190281

Table 5.

Estimation results of the repeat-APV DID models for different income neighbourhoods and DID models.

Dep. Var. log(APV_{i, 2}/APV_{i, 1})	MODEL 4a	MODEL 4b	MODEL 4c	MODEL 4d	MODEL 5a	Model 5aa	Model 5ab	Model 5ac	Model 5ad	MODEL 5b

	Q1 income group	Q2 income group	Q3 income group	Q4 income group	DID on IN	DID on IN_Q1	DID on IN_Q2	DID on IN_Q3	DID on IN_Q4	DID on DIS

Constant	0.170 (21.35)^***	0.034 (7.07)^***	0.127 (23.29)^***	0.143 (16.86)^***	0.153 (49.79)^***	0.172 (21.59)^***	0.342 (7.16)^***	0.128 (23.32)^***	0.138 (16.28)^***	0.165 (53.25)^***
RFAR _{i, 2}	0.072 (47.35)^***	0.292 (103.81)^***	0.123 (64.58)^***	0.028 (25.04)^***	0.253 (43.84)^***	0.141 (9.57)^***	0.523 (12.29)^***	0.334 (5.64)^***	0.548 (17.73)^***	0.073 (84.13)^***
RFAR_{i, 2}×log(IN_{i, 1})					−0.016 (−29.65)^***	−0.071 (−4.72)^***	−0.023 (−5.43)^***	−0.020 (−3.57)^***	−0.048 (−16.85)^***
RFAR_{i, 2}×DIS_i										0.001 (31.42)^***
log(IV_{i, 2}/IV_{i, 1})	−0.003 (−3.60)^***	0.015 (24.26)^***	0.027 (42.91)^***	0.063 (87.33)^***	0.015 (45.74)^***	−0.026 (−3.69)^***	0.015 (24.40)^***	0.027 (42.91)^***	0.064 (88.15)^***	0.015 (45.71)^***
log(IN_{i, 2}/IN_{i, 1})	−0.030 (−15.04)^***	−0.018 (−7.72)^***	−0.010 (−4.51)^***	0.003 (1.20)	−0.014 (−13.76)^***	−0.034 (−15.62)^***	−0.020 (−8.67)^***	−0.011 (−4.85)^***	−0.005 (−2.00)^***	−0.003 (−2.73)^***
DIS_i	−0.001 (−8.34)^***	−0.0002 (−3.10)^***	−0.0002 (−2.24)^**	0.0003 (1.93)^*	−0.0002 (−4.39)^***	−0.0010 (−8.34)^***	−0.0002 (−3.13)^***	−0.0002 (−2.25)^**	0.0003 (1.63)	−0.001 (−24.06)^***
Adj R−squared	0.33	0.34	0.31	0.34	0.30	0.33	0.34	0.31	0.35	0.30
No. of obs.	83,403	89,255	88,134	81,151	341,943	83,403	89,255	88,134	81,151	341,943

Note: t−statistics in parentheses. Substituting the average incomes of Q1, Q2, Q3 and Q4 at NZ$19,484.05, NZ$27,805.58, NZ$34,472.24 and NZ$45,346.63 respectively into the coefficients of Models 5aa to 5ad. The moderating effect of neighbourhood income level on the RFAR effect on APV is found to be an inverted U-shape from 0.07 of Q1, 0.29 of Q2, 0.12 of Q3 and 0.03 of Q4.

^***

p < 0.01.

^**

p < 0.05.

p < 0.10.