Table 1.

Annotation criteria and examples of translation ethics models.

Model of translation ethics	Definition in this study	Example
Ethics of representation	Faithful translation allows slight changes.	Original audio: I remember she looked beautiful Danmu subtitle 399: 我记得她很美 [I remember she was very beautiful]
Ethics of service	Translation as a voluntary service.	Danmu subtitle 28: 随便翻翻 大家随便看看 [Just a casual translation for everyone to take a look.]
Ethics of communication	Translation as an effective way of communicating with others.	Original audio: They say that the triangle is the strongest shape known to the mankind. So we are gonna to stick to three of us. Danmu 231: 我们三个组成了家, 大家都说三角形是最稳定的结构 [The three of us form a family, and everyone says that triangles are the most stable structure.]
Norm-based ethics	Priority is given to accepted norms in a particular culture, such as identifying the speaker’s name.	Original audio: Sophia: Just use your muscles. Tamara: I’m trying to use my muscles. Danmu subtitle 904: 菲:你应该用到你的肌肉 ta:我努力用肌肉的力量了 [Fei: You should use your muscles. ta: I tried hard to use my muscle strength]
Ethics of professional commitment	Emphasize the importance of practitioners being committed to the values of the translation practice.	Danmu subtitle 730: 翻译错了, 是sort of, 不是软软的 [The translation is wrong, it’s sort of, not soft.]
Ethics of digital technology	Highlights the integration of human expertise with technological tools, such as translation of omniscient perspectives or use of gist translation to accommodate the temporal nature of danmu interfaces.	Danmu subtitle 649: 他们为了女儿建了一个泳池就为了她能时而去玩[They built a swimming pool for their daughter so she could play there from time to time.]