Table 1.
The characteristics of included studies and health education.
| Author, Year | Country | Study Design | Type of Participants |
Type of Health Education |
No. of Participants |
Pattern/Sources of Health Education |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ramli R, 2022 [27] | Malaysia | Ethnographic study | Hajj pilgrims | Optional asthma education as part of health examination conducted in 11 public and 2 primary clinics before hajj departure | NR | 16 educational sessions, including 1 on health |
| Alqahtani AS 2016 [28] | Australia | Cross-sections study | Hajj pilgrims | Pre-travel professional travel health advice | 236 | General practitioners (51%); specialist travel clinic (15%), specific hajj website (8%); ‘Smartraveller’ website (7%); not received (33%) |
| Khamis NK [28] | Egypt | Cross-sectional study | Hajj pilgrims | Pre-travel health education | 248 | 34.4% received health education |
| Tobaiqy M 2020 [30] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional survey | Umrah pilgrims | Pre-travel health education | 1012 | Press and publications (9.7%); family and friends (12.5%); lectures (25.8%); social media (5%); travel clinics (13.2%); health care providers (12%); Saudi MoH website (1.6%); other websites (5.1%); other sources (18%) |
| Yezli S 2021 [31] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional survey | Hajj pilgrims | Health education on medication handling and Storage | 1221 | Physicians (73.7%); pharmacists (39.4%); medication label itself (28.2%), internet and family members (6.6%) |
| Salmuna ZN 2019 [32] | Malaysia | Open label RCT | Hajj pilgrims | Health education on hand-hygiene | 500 (Int: 250; Cont: 250) | One-to-one education |
| Goni MD 2023 [33] | Malaysia | Quasi-experimental study | Hajj/Umrah pilgrims | Smartphone-based health education intervention guided by the Health Belief Model on prevention of influenza-like illnesses | 102 | Smartphone application |
| Mushi A 2021 [34] | South Africa | Cross-sectional survey | Hajj pilgrims | Pre-hajj training and health promotion | 1138 | In-person |
| Yezli S 2021 (2) [35] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional survey | Diabetic hajj pilgrims | Education on insulin storage and handling | 227 | Any (83.6%); physician (77.8%); pharmacist (59.6%); label (5.3%); internet (8.2%); other (7.6%) |
| Goni MD 2021 [36] | Malaysia | Quasi experimental | Hajj/Umrah pilgrims | Smartphone-based health education intervention guided by the Health Belief Model on prevention of respiratory diseases | 130 | Smartphone application |
| Mahdi H 2020 [37] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional survey | Hajj pilgrims | Pre-hajj health advice | 348 | Any health advice (75.6%); Doctors (11.1%); Special Hajj websites (18.8%); Tour groups (18.5%); Family and friends (30.1%); General websites (21.5%); and MoH recommendations (66.4%) |
| Alqahtani AS 2019 [38] | Saudi Arabia | Cross-sectional survey | Hajj pilgrims | Pretravel health-advice-seeking behavior | 344 | Any (44%); media sources (27.6%); travel clinic (14.5%); family doctor/general practitioner (9.3%); MoH (3.7%); non-medical sources (16.8%); internet sources (7.8%); family and friends (6.1%); and hajj travel (2.9%) |
| Migault C 2019 [39] | France | Cross-sectional study | Hajj pilgrims | Pre-hajj education health program about Middle East respiratory syndrome | 82 | In-person |
| Beskind LD 2017 [40] | USA | Pre-post interventional | Lay bystanders attending the basketball games | UBV | 96 (Pre-intervention: 45, Post intervention: 51) | Video education |
| Barasheed O 2013 [41] | Saudi Arabia (Australians) | Cross-sectional survey | Hajj pilgrims | Pre-Hajj advice for vaccination | 995 (2011: 442, 2012: 553) | In person (Tour groups) |
| Turkestani A 2013 [42] | Saudi Arabia | Pre-post intervention | Hajj pilgrims | Health education | 300 | In person (health educators) |
| Alamri FA et al., 2018 [43] | Saudi Arabia | Post-intervention | Hajj pilgrims | Health education | 4925 | In-person (medical staff including 163 doctors and 1463 technicians) |
MoH: Ministry of Health; NR: not reported; RCT: randomized controlled trial; UBV: ultra-brief CCO-CPR video.