Figure 11.

Strategies for optimizing isorhamnetin delivery. This graphical representation highlights innovative approaches to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of isorhamnetin through drug and environmental modifications. Drug modifications, such as functional-group adjustments, PEGylation, ligand targeting, and metal complexation, aim to improve solubility, permeability, and specificity while reducing off-target toxicity. Environmental modifications focus on pH adjustments, endosomal escape, permeation enhancement, and the normalization of cellular environments to optimize drug bioavailability. Together, these advancements integrate into advanced drug delivery systems, including NPs, antibody-drug conjugates, microparticles, transdermal patches, microneedles, and controlled-release implants, providing tailored and efficient therapeutic applications for isorhamnetin.