Table 1.

Clinical studies using XR technology for surgical navigation in hepato-biliary surgery.

Ref.	n	Intervention/Surgery Performed	Results	Significant Findings
[33]
	85	Augmented reality navigation system/laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy for primary liver cancer	Length of stay: Intervention = 7 days Control = 10 days p = 0.003	Decreased length of stay and estimated blood loss in the augmented reality group
			Estimated blood loss: Intervention = 200 mL Control = 300 mL p = 0.002
[34]	45	Mixed reality navigation combined with intra-operative ultrasound/laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy for primary liver cancer	Estimated blood loss: Intervention = 103 mL Control = 259 mL p < 0.001 Complication rates: Intervention = 1 Control = 7 p = 0.021	Decreased estimated blood loss, complication rates and operative time in the mixed reality group
			Operative time: Intervention = 135 min Control = 199 min p < 0.001
[35]	7	Augmented reality navigation for pancreaticoduodenectomy	Estimated blood loss: Intervention = 901 mL Control = 825 mL p > 0.05	No significant differences
			Operative time: Intervention = 412 min Control = 425 min p > 0.05
[36]	27	Augmented reality navigation for laparoscopic cholecystectomy	Estimated blood loss: Intervention = 0 mL Control = 0 mL p > 0.05	No significant differences
			Operative time: Intervention = 74 min Control = 58 min p > 0.05