| HER | hydrogen evolution reaction |
| WO3 | tungsten oxide |
| LSV | linear sweep voltammetry |
| PDOS | projected density of state |
| DFT | density functional theory |
| TMOs | transition metal oxides |
| OER | oxygen evolution reaction |
| 1D | one-dimensional |
| 3D | three-dimensional |
| VO | oxygen vacancies |
| CBM | conduction band minimum |
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