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. 2025 Jul 31;25(15):4723. doi: 10.3390/s25154723
GPS Global Positioning System
IMU Inertial Measurement Unit
LiDAR Light Detection and Ranging
BP-PID Back Propagation-Proportional Integral Derivative
HIL Hardware-In-the-Loop
D2P Development to Prototype
ROI Region of Interest
PCL Point Cloud Library
INS Inertial Navigation System
LIO-SAM Tightly coupled Lidar Inertial Odometry via Smoothing and Mapping
LeGO-LOAM Lightweight and Ground-Optimized Lidar Odometry and Mapping
RMS Root Mean Square
RTPC Real-Time Processing Computer
CAN Controller Area Network
LCO LABCAR-OPERATOR