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. 2025 Jul 26;25(15):4632. doi: 10.3390/s25154632
BDT Bagged decision tree
BEV Battery electric vehicle
BMS Battery management system
CNN Convolutional neural network
DBC-MLR Density-based clustering multiple linear regression
EBs Electric buses
EIS Impedance spectroscopy
EV Electric vehicle
GA Genetic algorithms
GPR Gaussian process regression
HEVs Hybrid electric vehicles
HPPC Hybrid pulse power characterization test
LIBs Lithium-ion batteries
LSTM Long short-term memory
MAE Mean absolute error
MLR Multiple lineal regression
NEDC New European Driving Cycle
OCV Open circuit voltage
PEVs Pure electric vehicles
PHEV Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
PSO Particle swarm optimization
RFR Random forest regression
RMSE Root mean squared error
SVR Support vector regression
SOC State of charge
TEC Total energy consumption
WLTP WorldwidE Harmonized Light Vehicles Test Procedure