Table 2.

Published studies on laparoscopic (conventional or robotic-assisted) colpectomy including complications.

Publication (year)	N	Method of colpectomy	OR time (minutes)	Complications
Nikkels et al. (2024) (12)	140a	Robotic assisted laparoscopy Removal of the vaginal epithelium using monopolar scissors (similar to Groenman et al)	Median 176 (153–257)	- Urethra injury 1/140 (0.7%) - Urinary retention 24/140 (17.1%) - Urinary tract infection 11/140 (7.9%) - Hemorrhage requiring re-surgery 6/140 (4.3%)
Groenman et al. (2017) (8)	36	Robotic assisted laparoscopy Removal of uterus and adnexa using a uterine mobilizer, followed by Removal of the vaginal epithelium using monopolar scissors	Median 230 (197–278)	- Postoperative bleeding with readmission 1/36 (2.8%) - Urinary tract infection 2/36 (5.6%) - Urinary retention needing catheter 6/36 (16.7%)
Gomes da Costa et al. (2015) (19)	23	Laparoscopic colpectomy ‘In toto’ removal of uterus, adnexa and vagina, using a uterine manipulator Use of bipolar forceps, ligation of vaginal arteries Subsequent phalloplasty	Mean 155 (±42)	- Postoperative hematoma 2/23 (8.7%) - 1 requiring second look laparoscopy - 1 resolved with antibiotics - Urinary retention 1/23 (4.3%)
Ergeneli et al. (1999) (20)	8	Laparoscopic assisted vaginal colpectomy Two surgeons performing simultaneously laparoscopically and vaginally Subsequent phalloplasty	Average 140	- Bladder perforation 1/8 (12.5%) - Deep vein thrombosis 2/8 (25%)

^a 140 individuals in the laparoscopic group.