. 2025 Aug 7;2025:4675199. doi: 10.1155/ijpe/4675199

Table 3.

Multivariate analysis of the associations between rapid growth and HbA1c levels, BMI, and blood pressure in adolescents (17–19 years; 2014).

Rapid growth in WAZ	HbA1c levels (%)
Rapid growth in WAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	3.503	1.996; 5.011	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	0.825	0.227; 1.423	0.007⁣^∗
Birth weight (kg)	0.506	0.041; 0.971	0.033⁣^∗
HAZ (stunted vs. nonstunted)	0.355	−0.082; 0.791	0.111

Rapid growth in HAZ	HbA1c levels (%)
Rapid growth in HAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	3.528	1.912; 5.143	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in HAZ (non-RG vs RG)	0.013	−0.502; 0.528	0.961
Birth weight (kg)	0.579	0.099; 1.059	0.018⁣^∗

Rapid growth in WHZ	HbA1c levels (%)
Rapid growth in WHZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	3.612	2.068; 5.155	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WHZ (RG vs. non-RG)	0.535	0.006; 1.065	0.048⁣^∗
Birth weight (kg)	0.519	0.036; 1.002	0.035⁣^∗

Rapid growth in WAZ	Body mass index (kg/m ² )
Rapid growth in WAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	11.206	7.089; 15.323	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	1.403	0.200; 2.607	0.022⁣^∗
Mother's height (stunted vs. normal)	1.056	0.203; 1.909	0.015⁣^∗
Gender (male vs. female)	0.852	0.006; 1.697	0.048⁣^∗
Height for age (z-score)	0.304	0.051; 0.558	0.018⁣^∗
Weight for height (z-score)	0.395	0.082; 0.709	0.013⁣^∗
Father's waist circumference (cm)	0.073	0.038; 0.109	≤ 0.001⁣^∗
Mother's waist circumference (cm)	0.029	−0.009; 0.067	0.139

Rapid growth in HAZ	Body mass index (kg/m ² )
Rapid growth in HAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	12.485	9.640; 15.330	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in HAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	0.173	−0.733; 1.080	0.708
Mother's height (stunted vs. normal)	1.133	0.378; 1.889	0.003⁣^∗
Father's waist circumference (cm)	0.092	0.059; 0.124	≤ 0.001⁣^∗

Rapid growth in WHZ	Body mass index (kg/m ² )
Rapid growth in WHZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	13.076	10.104; 16.049	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WHZ (RG vs. non-RG)	1.171	0.282; 2.061	0.010⁣^∗
Mother's height (stunted vs. normal)	1.360	0.574; 2.146	0.001⁣^∗
Father's waist circumference (cm)	0.083	0.049; 0.117	≤ 0.001⁣^∗
Weight for age (z-score)	0.308	−0.013; 0.628	0.060⁺

Rapid growth in WAZ	SBP (mmHg)
Rapid growth in WAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	111.756	108.765; 114.746	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	−0.721	−3.641; 2.200	0.629
Gender (male vs. female)	12.869	10.610; 15.128	≤ 0.001⁣^∗
BMI of adolescent (kg)	2.839	−3.230; 6.120	0.010⁣^∗
Smoking (smoker vs. nonsmoker)	4.963	1.570; 8.356	0.004⁣^∗
Physical activity (inactive vs active)	2.086	−0.375; 4.547	0.097⁺
Father's SBP (mmHg)	0.095	0.047; 0.144	0.024⁣^∗

Rapid growth in HAZ	SBP (mmHg)
Rapid growth in HAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	105.495	101.157; 109.832	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in HAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	3.810	1.590; 8.020	0.030⁣^∗
Gender (male vs. female)	13.376	12.833; 17.919	≤ 0.001⁣^∗
BMI of adolescent (kg/m²)	7.831	3.860; 10.802	0.001⁣^∗
Physical activity (inactive vs. active)	2.106	−0.355; 4.568	0.094⁺
Smoking (smoker vs. nonsmoker)	4.968	1.574; 8.362	0.031⁣^∗
Father's SBP (mmHg)	0.039	−0.040; 0.092	0.019⁣^∗

Rapid growth in WHZ	SBP (mmHg)
Rapid growth in WHZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	106.269	101.815; 110.723	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WHZ (RG vs. non-RG)	−0.870	−3.461; 1.722	0.411
Gender (male vs. female)	13.609	10.008; 18.209	≤ 0.001⁣^∗
BMI of adolescent (kg/m²)	9.524	7.271; 19.777	≤ 0.001⁣^∗
Physical activity (inactive vs. active)	2.350	−0.187; 4.887	0.069⁺
Smoking (smoker vs. nonsmoker)	4.280	0.742; 7.817	0.018⁣^∗
Father's SBP (mmHg)	0.068	0.030; 0.230	0.013⁣^∗

Rapid growth in WAZ	DBP (mmHg)
Rapid growth in WAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	60.169	55.151; 65.188	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	1.759	−3.815; 7.332	0.536
Gender (male vs. female)	1.152	2.505; 11.800	0.003⁣^∗
BMI of adolescent (kg/m²)	3.677	−1.867; 9.880	0.025⁣^∗
Physical activity (inactive vs. active)	2.989	−1.721; 7.699	0.208
Smoking (smoker vs. nonsmoker)	5.723	−0.804; 12.249	0.104

Rapid growth in HAZ	DBP (mmHg)
Rapid growth in HAZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	59.568	55.353; 63.783	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in HAZ (RG vs. non-RG)	1.562	−0.161; 3.286	0.040⁣^∗
Gender (male vs. female)	1.814	2.251; 11.376	0.004⁣^∗
BMI of adolescent (kg/m²)	5.916	−1.320; 10.060	0.030⁣^∗
Physical activity (inactive vs. active)	3.044	−1.692; 7.779	0.208
Smoking (smoker vs. nonsmoker)	5.378	−1.113; 11.869	0.112
Father's DBP (mmHg)	0.059	0.0180; 0.310	0.010⁣^∗

Rapid growth in WHZ	DBP (mmHg)
Rapid growth in WHZ	β	95% CI	p value

Intercept	68.462	49.565; 90.340	≤ 0.001
Rapid growth in WHZ (RG vs. non-RG)	1.857	−2.982; 6.696	0.452
Gender (male vs. female)	1.602	2.2044; 11.159	0.005⁣^∗
BMI of adolescent (kg/m²)	5.909	2.416; 10.343	0.004⁣^∗
Physical activity (inactive vs. active)	4.279	−0.396; 8.954	0.073⁺
Smoking (smoker vs. nonsmoker)	5.622	−1.247; 12.491	0.109

Abbreviations: β, coefficient; BAZ, BMI-for-age z-score; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HAZ, height-for-age z-score; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LBW, low birth weight; RG, rapid growth; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WAZ, weight-for-age z-score; WHZ, weight-for-height z-score.

⁣^∗p < 0.05, ⁺p < 0.1.