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. 2025 Apr 7;139(5):2189–2206. doi: 10.1007/s00414-025-03488-0

Table 2.

Occurrence of the cortical traits for each sample group (* p-value < 0,05; ** p-value < 0,001)

Anterior Anterior angled Lateral Posterior Grazing
N 10 5 5 5 5
Entrance traits
Round hole 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100%
Radiating fracture 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100%
Concentric fracture* 10 100% 4 80% 3 60% 2 40% 0 0%
   longitudinal* 10 100% 4 80% 3 60% 2 40% 0 0%
   transversal 0 0% 0 0% 0 0% 1 20% 0 0%
V-shape* 10 100% 4 80% 5 100% 3 60% 2 40%
Ring defect 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 4 80%
Tip fragmentation* 9 90% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 2 40%
   proximal* 8 80% 0 0% 5 100% 3 60% 2 40%
   distal* 9 90% 5 100% 2 40% 4 80% 1 20%
Wing flake 6 60% 4 80% 3 60% 1 20% 0 0%
Wing flake defect* 9 90% 4 80% 3 60% 2 40% 0 0%
Wing piece 10 100% 4 80% 5 100% 5 100% 4 80%
Lateral notch 10 100% 3 60% 3 60% 4 80% 3 60%
Internal bevelling* 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 3 60% 5 100%
Exit traits
Square hole 9 90% 4 80% 2 40% 2 40% N/A
Radiating fracture 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100%
Concentric fracture 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 4 80%
   longitudinal* 7 70% 1 20% 3 60% 5 100% 5 100%
   transversal** 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 4 80% 0 0%
Layered breakage 9 90% 5 100% 3 60% 5 100% 4 80%
   External bevelling** 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 4 80% 0 0%
   Stepped breakout* 8 80% 2 40% 2 40% 1 20% 0 0%
General traits
Plastic deformation 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100%
Marginal chipping 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100%
Fracture surface scaling 10 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100% 5 100%
Grey discolouration* 4 40% 0 0% 3 60% 5 100% 3 60%