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. 2025 Aug 1;12:1598453. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2025.1598453

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© 2025 Zhao, Zhang, Xie, Tan, Qi, Bai, Wu, Cheng, Wang, Lv, Wang and Xie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart showing patient selection for derivation and validation cohorts in a coronary artery disease study. In the derivation cohort, 126 patients from January 2022 to December 2023 were screened; 11 were excluded due to factors like inadequate acoustic windows or valvular disease, leaving 115 patients divided into two groups: CFVR less than 2.5 (n=48) and CFVR 2.5 or greater (n=67). In the validation cohort, 62 patients from January to July 2024 were equally divided into the same CFVR categories, with 31 patients in each group. — Patient flowchart in the study.