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. 2025 Jul 31;27:e66389. doi: 10.2196/66389

Table 5.

Outcome linear mixed model intention-to-treat analyses of primary and secondary outcomes, comparing the intervention group to the waiting-list group.

Outcomes β coefficient (SE; 95% CI) P value Cohen d (95% CI)
Primary outcome

Leakages per week


Mean difference: T0 – T1 0.83 (0.43; −0.01 to 1.66) .05 0.22 (−0.001 to 0.45)


Mean difference: T0 – T2 1.01 (0.41; 0.22 to 1.81) .01 0.29 (0.06 to 0.51)
Secondary outcomes

Incontinence material changes per week


Mean difference: T0 – T1 −2.02 (0.69; −3.37 to −0.66) .004 −0.33 (0.55 to 0.11)


Mean difference: T0 – T2 −2.00 (0.66; −3.30 to −0.71) .003 −0.34 (0.57 to −0.12)

Duration for continence care per week (min)


Mean difference: T0 – T1 −2.27 (16.64; −34.88 to 30.34) .89 −0.02 (−0.24 to 0.21)


Mean difference: T0 – T2 3.29 (15.87; −27.80 to 34.39) .84 0.02 (−0.20 to 0.25)

Subjective well-being (MIPQ)a


Mean difference: T0 – T2 −0.80 (1.83; −4.39 to 2.78) .66 −0.07 (−0.40 to 0.25)

Objective well-being (QOL-PMD)b


Mean difference T0 – T2 4.73 (2.68; −0.52 to 9.98) .08 0.41 (−0.05 to 0.87)

aMIPQ: Mood, Interest and Pleasure Questionnaire.

bQOL-PMD: Quality of Life of Persons with Profound Multiple Disabilities questionnaire.