5. Experimentally Determined Maximum Adsorption Capacities of Methylene Blue (MB) Using Various Bio-Based Adsorbents.
| raw biomass (biobased adsorbent) | type of adsorbent | SBET (m2/g) | MB initial concentration (mg/L) | mass of the adsorbent (g/L) | maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) | references |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SCB (steam-850 °C-AC) | hot-pressed (HP) GAC | 804.6 | 500 | 0.05 | 138.1 | this study |
| SCB (steam-900 °C-AC) | GAC with alginate | 198.4 | 500 | 0.05 | 403.0 | |
| coffee ground (cellulose extract) | alginate bead | 1078 | 100 | 0.20 | 400.5 | |
| C. polygonoides (acid-600 °C-AC) | AC alginate bead | NA | 400 | 0.01 | 769.2 | |
| rice husk | magnetic alginate bead | NA | 500 | 0.20 | 279.4 | |
| SCB (pyrolysis-500 °C) | biochar | 323.0 | 50 | 0.02 | 113.0 | |
| calcium-alginate bead | 263.6 | 50 | 0.02 | 71.2 | ||
| Filtrasorb 400 (bituminous coal) | commercial GAC | ∼948 | 500 | 1.0 | 319.0 | |
| Norit (peat, steam activated) | commercial GAC | ∼875 | 500 | 1.0 | 280.0 | |
| Picacarb (coconut shells) | commercial GAC | NA | 500 | 1.0 | 260.0 | |
| pine sawdust (presteam-900 °C-AC) | PAC | 962.0 | 75 | 0.01 | 332.0 | |
| paper mill sewage sludge (steam-850 °C-AC) | PAC | 280.0 | 100 | NA | 158.7 | |
| nonpareil almond shells (CO2-500 °C-AC) | PAC | 1239 | 500 | 1.0 | 440.0 | |
| Chandler walnut shells (CO2-500 °C-AC) | PAC | 1039 | 500 | 1.0 | 358.0 | |
| pineapple peel (KOH-700 °C-AC) | PAC | 1160.1 | 150 | 0.20 | 168.2 | |
| fish gill waste (KOH-800 °C-AC) | PAC | NA | 50 | 0.20 | 78.5 | |
| bamboo (microwave-200W-AC) | PAC | 1323 | 400 | 0.1 | 291.6 | |
| seaweed (NaOH-800 °C-AC) | PAC | 1334 | 300 | 0.1 | 249.0 | |
| figure leaves (acid-350 °C-AC) | PAC | 18.2 | 200 | 0.02 | 41.7 | |
| rice husk (acid-500 °C-AC) | PAC | 244.5 | 200 | 0.6 | 26.3 |
a
GAC: granular activated carbon.
b
PAC: powder activated carbon.
c
NA = not available.