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. 2025 Aug 1;16:1538387. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1538387

Table 3.

Sample demographics and characteristics.

Characteristics N (%) Told-Human (n = 55) Told-AI (n = 55)
Educational level Primary 0 0
Secondary 3 (5.5%) 4 (7.3%)
Diploma/ Associate 3 (5.5%) 4 (7.3%)
Bachelor 39 (70.9%) 37 (67.3%)
Master 10 (18.2%) 8 (14.5%)
Doctorate 0 2 (3.6%)
Job sector Accountancy, banking and finance 7 (12.7%) 3 (5.5%)
Arts 1 (1.8%) 1 (1.8%)
Business and marketing 5 (9.1%) 4 (7.3%)
Education 14 (25.5%) 12 (21.8%)
Engineering 3 (5.5%) 3 (5.5%)
Healthcare and hospitality 12 (21.8%) 16 (29.1%)
Information technology 1 (1.8%) 2 (3.6%)
Law 2 (3.6%) 1 (1.8%)
Law enforcement 3 (5.5%) 1 (1.8%)
Others 7 (12.7%) 12 (21.8%)
Job status Full-time 32 (58.2%) 33 (60%)
Part-time 8 (14.5%) 3 (5.5%)
Retired 2 (3.6%) 2 (3.6%)
Self-employed 1 (1.8%) 3 (5.5%)
Student 12 (21.8%) 13 (23.6%)
Unemployed 0 1 (1.8%)
Computer expertise level Hardly use the computer 0 0
Slightly below-average computer user 5 (9.1%) 4 (7.3%)
Average computer user 47 (85.5%) 40 (72.7%)
Expert computer user 3 (5.5%) 11 (20%)
AI usage level 0–2 day (s) per week 36 (65.5%) 31 (56.4%)
3–4 days per week 14 (25.5%) 14 (25.5%)
5–6 days per week 3 (5.5%) 6 (10.9%)
7 days per week 2 (3.6%) 4 (7.3%)
AI knowledge level No knowledge at all 2 (3.6%) 7 (12.7%)
Little knowledge 27 (49.1%) 23 (41.8%)
Some knowledge 26 (47.3%) 23 (41.8%)
Detailed knowledge 0 2 (3.6%)