Table 1.
Distribution of examination types overall and by age group, among the RIC cohort of children in the US who received medical imaging between 2012 and 2017
| Total number of exams by site | Overall |
< 1 y |
1-5 y |
6-10 y |
11-15 y |
16-21 y |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | N | N | N | N | N | |
| Harvard Pilgrim Health Care | 105 128 | 20 027 | 29 592 | 25 716 | 27 045 | 2748 |
| Kaiser Permanente Hawaii | 57 092 | 7463 | 12 781 | 12 013 | 15 587 | 9248 |
| Kaiser Permanente Northern California | 476 827 | 56 381 | 117 401 | 110 701 | 124 790 | 67 554 |
| Kaiser Permanente Northwest | 68 028 | 7455 | 15 700 | 14 995 | 17 860 | 12 018 |
| Kaiser Permanente Washington | 64 951 | 8480 | 15 589 | 14 226 | 16 235 | 10 421 |
| Marshfield | 63 617 | 6628 | 12 858 | 12 462 | 18 193 | 13 476 |
| Total exams | 835 643 | 106 434 | 203 921 | 190 113 | 219 710 | 115 465 |
| Total patients | 278 909 | 45 784 | 91 949 | 79 202 | 77 175 | 39 682 |
| Exams by modality | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) |
| Computed tomography | ||||||
| Head/brain | 13 305 (44%) | 2240 (76%) | 3424 (63%) | 2381 (41%) | 2615 (35%) | 2645 (30%) |
| Abdomen and pelvis | 6969 (23%) | 82 (3%) | 534 (10%) | 1567 (27%) | 2043 (27%) | 2743 (31%) |
| Maxillofacial and sinus | 1868 (6%) | 54 (2%) | 115 (2%) | 439 (8%) | 634 (8%) | 626 (7%) |
| Chest | 1153 (4%) | 194 (7%) | 194 (4%) | 137 (2%) | 241 (3%) | 387 (4%) |
| Neck | 858 (3%) | 63 (2%) | 217 (4%) | 187 (3%) | 169 (2%) | 222 (3%) |
| Lower extremity | 737 (2%) | 11 (0%) | 10 (0%) | 74 (1%) | 384 (5%) | 258 (3%) |
| Cervical spine | 509 (2%) | 14 (0%) | 79 (1%) | 115 (2%) | 160 (2%) | 141 (2%) |
| Other | 5014 (16%) | 296 (10%) | 825 (15%) | 927 (16%) | 1246 (17%) | 1720 (20%) |
| Total exams | 30 413 | 2954 | 5398 | 5827 | 7492 | 8742 |
| Total patients | 24 467 | 2464 | 4565 | 5089 | 6437 | 6778 |
| Fluoroscopy | ||||||
| Voiding cystourethrogram | 7562 (45%) | 2041 (35%) | 1748 (46%) | 1578 (65%) | 1329 (61%) | 866 (35%) |
| Upper gastrointestinal study | 4296 (26%) | 1964 (33%) | 734 (19%) | 498 (20%) | 443 (20%) | 657 (27%) |
| Rehabilitation swallow | 1972 (12%) | 1069 (18%) | 696 (18%) | 122 (5%) | 53 (2%) | 32 (1%) |
| Lower gastrointestinal study | 1477 (9%) | 498 (8%) | 355 (9%) | 100 (4%) | 127 (6%) | 397 (16%) |
| Gastrostomy tube placement | 100 (1%) | 60 (1%) | 24 (1%) | 6 (0%) | 7 (0%) | 3 (0%) |
| Other | 1419 (8%) | 269 (5%) | 256 (7%) | 142 (6%) | 229 (10%) | 523 (21%) |
| Total exams | 16 826 | 5901 | 3813 | 2446 | 2188 | 2478 |
| Total patients | 12 046 | 4444 | 2889 | 1998 | 1709 | 1705 |
| Nuclear medicine | ||||||
| Renal functional imaging∗ | 862 (26%) | 426 (51%) | 240 (27%) | 92 (20%) | 52 (9%) | 52 (8%) |
| Bone scintigram† | 527 (16%) | 21 (3%) | 58 (7%) | 74 (16%) | 180 (33%) | 194 (31%) |
| Radionuclide cystogram‡ | 488 (15%) | 99 (12%) | 284 (32%) | 94 (21%) | 10 (2%) | 1 (0%) |
| Liver scintigram§ | 361 (11%) | 51 (6%) | 69 (8%) | 53 (12%) | 90 (16%) | 98 (15%) |
| Hepatobiliary scintigram¶ | 343 (10%) | 87 (10%) | 5 (1%) | 13 (3%) | 88 (16%) | 150 (24%) |
| Lung ventilation perfusion∗∗ | 185 (6%) | 42 (5%) | 53 (6%) | 42 (9%) | 32 (6%) | 16 (3%) |
| Meckel diverticulum scintigram‡ | 122 (4%) | 22 (3%) | 46 (5%) | 20 (4%) | 18 (3%) | 16 (3%) |
| Positron emission tomography†† | 119 (4%) | 11 (1%) | 25 (3%) | 19 (4%) | 33 (6%) | 31 (5%) |
| Renal cortical imaging‡‡ | 54 (2%) | 43 (5%) | 11 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Thyroid uptake scan§§ | 31 (1%) | 5 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 12 (2%) | 12 (2%) |
| Myocardial perfusion scan¶¶ | 25 (1%) | 1 (0%) | 2 (0%) | 3 (1%) | 7 (1%) | 12 (2%) |
| Other | 236 (7%) | 30 (4%) | 83 (9%) | 41 (9%) | 29 (5%) | 53 (8%) |
| Total exams | 3353 | 838 | 876 | 453 | 551 | 635 |
| Total patients | 2555 | 723 | 644 | 363 | 458 | 516 |
| Angiography | ||||||
| Cardiac | 1171 (66%) | 292 (73%) | 315 (67%) | 205 (69%) | 165 (56%) | 194 (63%) |
| Other | 601 (34%) | 110 (27%) | 155 (33%) | 92 (31%) | 131 (44%) | 113 (37%) |
| Total exams | 1772 | 402 | 470 | 297 | 296 | 307 |
| Total patients | 813 | 246 | 228 | 160 | 138 | 129 |
| Radiography | ||||||
| Wrist | 153 355 (20%) | 1327 (1%) | 21 892 (11%) | 47 982 (26%) | 62 155 (30%) | 19 999 (19%) |
| Chest posteroanterior and lateral | 151 853 (19%) | 28,819 (30%) | 65 490 (34%) | 30 091 (17%) | 16,275 (8%) | 11 178 (11%) |
| Ankle | 111 765 (14%) | 926 (1%) | 20 058 (10%) | 25 351 (14%) | 44 362 (21%) | 21 068 (20%) |
| Elbow | 65 226 (8%) | 1008 (1%) | 19 579 (10%) | 24 409 (13%) | 15 702 (8%) | 4528 (4%) |
| Knees | 55 579 (7%) | 472 (0%) | 12 254 (6%) | 8898 (5%) | 20 466 (10%) | 13 489 (13%) |
| Abdomen | 49 317 (6%) | 8 397 (9%) | 13 464 (7%) | 15 553 (9%) | 8024 (4%) | 3 879 (4%) |
| Chest posteroanterior | 45 947 (6%) | 17 599 (18%) | 12 215 (6%) | 5915 (3%) | 5061 (2%) | 5157 (5%) |
| Pelvis | 24 480 (3%) | 3030 (3%) | 6678 (3%) | 4631 (3%) | 6299 (3%) | 3842 (4%) |
| Shoulder | 17 711 (2%) | 496 (1%) | 2919 (2%) | 3419 (2%) | 5965 (3%) | 4912 (5%) |
| Full spine | 12 782 (2%) | 1,426 (1%) | 3011 (2%) | 1502 (1%) | 4882 (2%) | 1961 (2%) |
| C-Spine | 11 221 (1%) | 879 (1%) | 3246 (2%) | 2753 (2%) | 2476 (1%) | 1867 (2%) |
| T-Spine | 10 576 (1%) | 55 (0%) | 430 (0%) | 1518 (1%) | 5896 (3%) | 2677 (3%) |
| Femur | 10 264 (1%) | 313 (0%) | 5623 (3%) | 1903 (1%) | 1637 (1%) | 788 (1%) |
| Skull posteroanterior | 9612 (1%) | 1007 (1%) | 2135 (1%) | 2418 (1%) | 2189 (1%) | 1863 (2%) |
| Whole body | 8600 (1%) | 8600 (9%) | . | . | . | . |
| L-Spine | 8424 (1%) | 118 (0%) | 552 (0%) | 1036 (1%) | 3404 (2%) | 3314 (3%) |
| Clavicle | 8169 (1%) | 487 (1%) | 1898 (1%) | 1638 (1%) | 2522 (1%) | 1624 (2%) |
| Skull lateral | 7879 (1%) | 1000 (1%) | 1781 (1%) | 2073 (1%) | 1868 (1%) | 1157 (1%) |
| Other | 20 519 (3%) | 20 380 (21%) | 139 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
| Total exams | 783 279 | 96 339 | 193 364 | 181 090 | 209 183 | 103 303 |
| Total patients | 270 844 | 42 930 | 89 166 | 76 876 | 75 379 | 37 969 |
Total patient counts in the total column reflect unique patients. Total patient counts within each age group add up to a greater sum than the overall total patients, as they include individuals who received imaging at different ages. Percentages reflect column percents.
∗
Technetium (Tc)-99m mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3).
†
Technetium (Tc)-99m medronate.
‡
Technetium (Tc)-99m pertechnetate.
§
Technetium (Tc)-99m sulfur colloid.
¶
Technetium (Tc)-99m mebrofenin.
∗∗
Technetium (Tc)-99m macroaggregated albumin (MAA) and Tc-99m diethylene-triamine-pentaacetate (DTPA) aerosol.
††
Fludeoxyglucose (FDG) F18.
‡‡
Technetium (Tc)-99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA).
§§
Iodine-123.
¶¶
Technetium (Tc)-99m sestamibi.