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. 2025 Aug 1;13:1632713. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1632713

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Copyright © 2025 Jing and Xiaofeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Map of Urumqi with monitoring points marked in green, showing population density in color gradient. A globe highlights Urumqi’s location. Adjacent are photos of Urumqi’s urban development, the Xinjiang Grand Theatre, and atmospheric pollution. — Study area and monitoring sites.