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. 2025 Aug 1;13:1632713. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1632713

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Copyright © 2025 Jing and Xiaofeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar graph showing measured and predicted values of air pollutants from 2015 to 2023. Pollutants include SO₂, NO₂, PM₁₀, PM₂.₅, CO, and O₃, with comprehensive index values. Data is displayed in micrograms per cubic meter. Bars for each year show a comparison of measured and predicted values for each pollutant. — Prediction results of ambient air quality GM (1,1) model.