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. 2025 Aug 1;13:1632713. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1632713

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Copyright © 2025 Jing and Xiaofeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar chart showing polluted days from 2018 to 2022 categorized by pollution levels: light, moderate, and heavy. Light pollution was highest in 2020 and 2021. Moderate pollution was consistent across years. Heavy pollution was most frequent in 2018. — Days of pollution at all levels caused by sand and dust in 2018–2022.