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. 2025 Aug 1;13:1632713. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1632713

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Copyright © 2025 Jing and Xiaofeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar graph showing annual concentration and concentration after deducting sand and dust from 2018 to 2022. Annual concentrations (blue) range from around 100 to 80 micrograms per cubic meter, while adjusted concentrations (purple) are consistently lower. — The impact of dust on the annual average concentration of urban PM₁₀ in 2018–2022.