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. 2025 Aug 1;13:1632713. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2025.1632713

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Copyright © 2025 Jing and Xiaofeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Line graph showing monthly concentrations of inhalable particles, fine particulate matter, NO₂, and ozone. Inhalable particles spike at month 1 and 12, fine particulate matter peaks at month 1, NO₂ decreases after month 1, and ozone rises mid-year. — PM10, PM_2.5, NO_2, O₃ concentrations were analyzed.