3. Compilation of Literature Results for PVDF Electrospun Nanofiber Membrane Fabrication: Dope, Fabrication Parameters, Properties, and Applications^a .

Dope formulation and characteristics						Electrospinning conditions for membrane fabrication						Membrane properties
PVDF brand	[PVDF]	Solvent	Additive	κ (μS cm–1)	μ (cP)	TCD (cm)	QESP (mL h–1)	V (kV)	Collector	Needle size and motion	Postdrying consolidation	δ (μm)	WCA (deg)	dF (nm)	Pore size (nm)	Apl.	Ref
Sigma-Aldrich PVDF-HFP (110 kDa)	15 wt %	68 wt %DMF	None		541	10	1.0	20	Rotary	23 Ga	None	≈100	138	330 ± 80	Avg: 540	MD
		17 wt %Acet							500 rpm						Max: 1040
		40 wt % DMF	5 wt % PDMS		1719								146	360 ± 40	Avg: 580
			40 wt % THF												Max: 1220
Kynar 761	10 wt %	DMF/Acet				18	0.8	11.5	Rotary	22 Ga	None	10.6	129 ± 4	400 ± 100	N/A	PZTs
		6:4 v.%							250 rpm							Filtr.
		DMSO/Acet										19.3	130 ± 2	600 ± 100	N/A
		6:4 v.%
		NMP/Acet										15.0	116 ± 2	500 ± 300	N/A
		6:4 v.%
Kynar HSV 900	5 wt %	DMF/Acet	0.004 wt % LiCl	46.27	260	12	N/A	27	Rotary	N/A	None	N/A	138	N/A	Avg: 180	MD
		6:4 wt %							N/A	0.10 mm/s					Max: 360
											Glass-plate HP: 170 °C, 1 h	N/A	136	N/A	Avg: 210
															Max: 330
Solef 6012	10 wt %	DMAc/Acet	None	0.8 ± 0.1	94.6 ± 0.5	15	1.0	–0.125	Flat.	20 Ga	Glass-plate HP: 130 °C, overnight.	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	MD
		6:4 wt %	4.3 mgLiCl/gPVDF	375 ± 3	107.2 ± 0.4					2D motion		32 ± 6	117 ± 6	N/A	710 ± 60
			4.3 mgLiCl/gPVDF	394 ± 6	108.1 ± 0.7							48 ± 1	115 ± 4	150 ± 10	750 ± 40
			8.3 mgRu(phen)3/gPVDF
Solef 6012	8 wt %	DMSO/Acet	None		79.4	15	1.0	15	Flat.	Size N/A	24h-immersion in water	49 ± 2	123 ± 3	N/A	2290 ± 30	Filtr.
		6:4 v.%								2D motion	Oven at 40 °C overnight
		DMF/Acet	0.43 wt % LiCl		87.3							69 ± 1	125 ± 2	N/A	810 ± 40
		6:4 v.%
		DMSO/Acet	0.43 wt % LiCl		74.4							73 ± 1	125 ± 2	N/A	900 ± 80
		6:4 v.%	None		79.4						Glass-plate HP: 130 °C, overnight	35 ± 1	128 ± 1	N/A	2260 ± 80
			0.43 wt % LiCl		74.4							54 ± 2	127 ± 4	N/A	1270 ± 20
Kynar K-761	15 wt/v%	DMAc/Acet				15	2.0	15	Flat	0.21 mm	“Post-heat” treatment at 145 °C for 18h	300	145	400 ± 100	400–1060	Filtr.
		1:1 v.%								Motion N/A
Sigma-Aldrich (275 kDa)	20 wt %	DMAc			0.95	15	0.6	20–35	Rotary	21 Ga	HP apparatus:	30–40		230 ± 50		PZTs
	25 wt %				2.1				1500 rpm		60 MPa, 80 °C, 1 h			500 ± 100
	28 wt %				2.5									800 ± 200
	22 wt %	DMAc/Acet			1.4									1300 ± 400
		1:2 v.%
Kynar 761	10 wt %	DMF/Acet			410 ± 4	12	1.2	8.1	Rotary	20 Ga	Glass-plate HT: 70 Pa, 150 °C, 6h.	200 ± 50	134 ± 5	700 ± 200	700–3500	G-L sep.	This work
	15 wt %	6:4 wt %	0.43 mgLiCl/gPVDF		2180 ± 20			10.8	400 rpm.	Fixed	Glass-plate HT: 70 Pa, 150 °C, 6 h	270 ± 30	139 ± 2	600 ± 200	900–2800
	15 wt %		0.43 mgLiCl/gPVDF								HP: 10 MPa, 60 °C, 6 min	38 ± 6	110 ± 5	700 ± 200	200–800

^a[PVDF]: PVDF concentration. κ: Conductivity (μS cm^–1). μ: Dynamic viscosity (cP). TCD: Tip-to-collector distance. Q_ESP: Electrospinning dope flow rate. V: Electric tension. δ: Membrane thickness. WCA: Water contact angle. d_F: Average fiber diameter. Apl.: Application. Ref.: Reference. Acet: Acetone. PDMS: Polydimethylsiloxane. THF: Tetrahydrofuran. DMF: N,N-Dimethylformamide. DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide. DMAc: N,N-Dimethylacetamide. NMP: 1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. LiCl: Lithium chloride. N/A: Not available, not reported. 2D: Two-dimensional. MD: Membrane distillation. Ru­(phen)₃: Tris­(phenantroline)­ruthenium­(II) chloride. HP: Hot pressing. G-L Sep.: Gas–liquid separations. PZTs: Piezoelectrics. Filtr.: Filtration.