Figure 1.

Comparative evaluation of OFAT, DoE, MVDA, and ML capabilities for bioprocess optimization. This radar chart compares four approaches, OFAT, DoE, MVDA, and ML, across six key dimensions relevant to CHO cell culture optimization for charge heterogeneity: process integration, predictive accuracy, result interpretability, industrial scalability (higher values preferred), and modeling complexity, data requirements (lower values preferred). Process integration refers to how well a method fits into the full development pipeline, including monitoring and control, while industrial scalability reflects its applicability from lab to production scale. ML (yellow) shows strong performance in accuracy and integration, though it demands more data and modeling complexity. SB offers deep biological insights but has limited direct use in charge variant prediction. The assessment is qualitative, based on published experimental and industrial studies.