Table 2.

Key culture parameters influencing charge Heterogeneity^a.

Parameter	Cell line	Rangeb	Effectc		Ref.
			Acidic	Basic
Temperature (ºC)	CHO-K1	31, 34, 37	Affected	Increases	Sissolak et al.36
	CHO-DG44	35, 36.5	Decreases	Affected	Weng et al.21
	CHO	29, 32, 35, 37	Increases	N/A	Tang et al.37
	CHO	33, 35, 37	Decreases	N/A	Kishishita et al.57
	CHO-K1 HP & LP	33 → 37	Decreases	Increases	Zhu et al.19
	CHO-K1	30, 32, 34	Increases	Decreases	Zheng et al.47
	CHO	33, 35, 37	N/A	Increases	Luo et al.42
	CHO	32, 35, 37	Decreases	Increases	Zhang et al.50
	CHO	31 → 35	Decreases	N/A	Yang et al.58
	CHO	34 → 36.5	Increases	N/A	Chung et al.25
	CHO-K1 GS	30, 32, 33.5, 35, 36.5	Decreases	Increases	McHugh et al.59
	rCHO	30, 33, 37	Decreases	Increases	Yoon et al.60
	GS CHO1, DG44 CHO2	32, 33, 34, 35, 36.5, 37.5, 38.5	Decreases	Increases	Xu et al.61
	CHO	36, 37, 38	Increases	N/A	Horvath et al.45
pH	CHO	6.8, 7, 7.2	Increases	Affected	Brunner et al.31
	CHO-S	7.05, 7.15	Increases	Decreases	Rouiller et al.52
	GS‐CHO	6.7, 6.9, 7.1	Increases	Decreases	Lee et al.18
	CHO	5.5 → 7	Affected	N/A	Trexler‐Schmidt et al.62
	GS-CHO	6.75±0.1 → 6.95±0.1	Decreases	N/A	Xie et al.44
	CHO	6.85±0.05 → 7.15±0.05	N/A	N/A	Zheng et al.51
	CHO	7 → 7.3	Increases	N/A	Horvath et al.45
Culture duration (days)d	CHO-DG44	11, 12, 13, 14, 15	Increases	N/A	Weng et al.21
	CHO	3, 6, 9, 12, 15	Increases	N/A	Tang et al.,37
	CHO	12 vs. 14	N/A	Decreases	Luo et al.42
	GS-CHO	5, 8, 10, 12, 14	Increases	N/A	Lee et al.18
	CHO-K1 GS	3, 8, 12	Increases	N/A	Park et al.63
	CHO-K1 GS	3, 6, 9	Increases	N/A	McHugh et al.59
Ambient Light (lux)	CHO	1000, 3000, 10000	Increases	Increases	Mallaney et al.20
Feed media age (weeks)e	CHO	3 → 10	Increases	N/A	Chung et al.25
Passage number	GS-CHO	PN-10 → PN-60	Decreases	Decreases	Kaur et al.26
	CHO DG44	P5 → P33	N/A	Increases	Xu et al.53
pCO2%)	CHO	5 → 20	Affected	Increases	Brunner et al.31
pO2%)	CHO	10 → 40	N/A	Increases	Brunner et al.31
Process mode	CHO	Traditional Fed-batch vs. Concentrated Fed-batch	Decreases	N/A	Yang et al.58
Seed density (PCV%)	CHO	0.12 → 0.36	Affected	N/A	Horvath et al.45

^aAll products are mAbs, and all media used are chemically defined.

^b“→” indicates a change from one value to another; “vs.” compares two values; commas separate multiple values for the same parameter.

^cEach parameter’s impact on charge variants is classified as Increase, Decrease, Affected (without a consistent trend), or N/A (no data or negligible impact reported).

^dAll the studies included in this table for culture duration employ a fed-batch cultivation method.

^eThis parameter primarily refers to the duration of storage for prepared liquid media, which can affect stability and component integrity. Dry powder media are generally unaffected until reconstitution.