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. 2025 Aug 14;17(1):2547084. doi: 10.1080/19420862.2025.2547084

Table 3.

Key media components influencing charge Heterogeneitya.

Components Cell line Rangeb Effectsc
 Ref.
Acidic Basic
Glucose (g/L) CHO-K1 2 → 15 Increases N/A Sissolak et al.36
CHO 11.5–23 Increases N/A Quan et al.67
Copper (mM) CHO-DG44 0.004, 0.04, 0.15, 0.4 N/A Increases Weng et al.21
CHO-GS 0 → 0.0315 Decreases N/A Gangwar et al.22
CHO-DXB11 0, 0.00015, 0.00025, 0.0005, 0.001, 0.002, 0.003 Decreases Increases Yuk et al.43
CHO 1X → 4X N/A Increases Luo et al.42
CHO-K1 0.0004, 0.00055, 0.00075, 0.001 Affected Increases Kaschak et al.40
CHO-S 0x, 1x, 3x Affected N/A Rouiller et al.52
CHO-K1 0, 0.005, 0.05, 0.1 Decreases N/A Chaderjian et al.66
CHOK1SV N/A (increased) Decreases Decreases Hazeltine et al.46
Iron (mM) CHO-GS 0.0197, 0.3008, 0.3581, 1.6240 Increases N/A Gangwar et al.22
CHO/dhFr 0.01, 0.018, 0.075 Increases N/A Vijayasankaran et al.68
CHO-S 0, 0.1343, 0.2686 Increases N/A Rouiller et al.52
CHO DG44 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.11 Increases Affected Xu et al.53
CHO Control Medium vs. Control Medium + 0.08 mM Iron Decreases N/A Chung et al.25
CHO-GS 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 Increases Increases Gangwar et al.32
Zinc (mM) CHO-DG44 0, 0.004, 0.03, 0.04, 0.07, 0.08, 0.1, 0.13, 0.15 Decreases N/A Weng et al.21
CHO-GS 0.0061, 0.0138, 0.1530, 0.0306 Increases Decreases Gangwar et al.22
CHO 1X → 12X N/A Decreases Luo et al.42
CHO-S 0X, 1X, 3X Affected N/A Rouiller et al.52
CHO-GS 0.060, 0.090, 0.180 Decreases Decreases Gangwar et al.32
Manganese (mM) CHO-DG44 0, 0.004, 0.040 N/A N/A Weng et al.21
CHO-GS 0.00091, 0, 0.00182, 0.0273 Increases N/A Gangwar et al.22
CHO-S 0, 0.0002, 0.001 Affected Affected Rouiller et al.52
CHOK1SV N/A (increased) Decreases Decreases Hazeltine et al.46
Magnesium
(mM)		 CHO-GS 0.8023, 0.8147, 0.8393, 0.8517 N/A N/A Gangwar et al.22
Cobalt (mM) CHO-GS 0, 0.0017, 0.00509 Increases N/A Gangwar et al.22
Nickel (mM) CHO-GS 0, 0.017, 0.0341 Increases Increases Gangwar et al.22
Sodium butyrate (mM) rCHO 0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.2, 1, 2, 4 Decreases Increases Hong et al.49
Selenium (mM) CHO-S 0, 0.0002, 0.001 Affected N/A Rouiller et al.52
Biotin (mM) CHO-GS 0, 0.0073, 0.0094 Decreases Increases Gangwar et al.22
Ascorbic acid CHO 0, 0.568, 5.678, 17.034 Increases N/A (Chumsae et al.41
Surfactants (%v/v, %w/v) CHO-DUX B11, CHO-K1 Type: PS80, PS20, P188 N/A N/A Hossler et al.69
Concentration: 0.0025% − 10% Decreases Increases Gangwar et al.22
Choline (mM) CHO-GS 0.2414, 0.6615, 0.873, 0.912 N/A Affected
Carboxypeptidase B (w/w) CHO-GS, CHO-DG44 0, 1:100, 1:10000 Increases Decreases Xu et al.70
CHO 0, 1:125 Affected Decreases Kim et al.71
Methylglyoxal (mM) CHO 0 → 2.8 Increases N/A Chumsae et al.39
Folic acid (mM) CHO-GS 0.0062, 0.008, 0.0332, 0.0419 N/A N/A Gangwar et al.22
CHO/dhFr 0, 0.2232, 0.4463 Increases N/A Vijayasankaran et al.68
Dextran sulfate (g/L) CHO-K1, DG44 MW: 4000, 15000, 40000 Affected Decreases Hyoung Park et al.72
Concentration: 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1  
Hydrolyzate (g/L) CHO-K1 0 → 0.1 Decreases Increases Zheng et al.47
Taurine (mM) CHO 0 → 13.2 N/A Decreases Liu et al.73
Pantothenic acid (mM) CHO-GS 0.0084, 0.0138, 0.0214, 0.0559 N/A Decreases Gangwar et al.22
Arginine (mM) CHO 2 → 10 N/A Increases Zhang et al.24
Rutine (g/L) CHO 0.005 → 1 Decreases Increases Hossler et al.55
Rosmarinic acid (g/L) CHO 0 → 0.36 Decreases N/A Chung et al.25
Lysine (mM) CHO 2 → 10 N/A Increases Zhang et al.24
Epigallocatechin gallate (g/L) CHO 0.1 → 1 Decreases Increases Hossler et al.55
Uridine (mM) CHO 0 → 6 Decreases Increases Niu et al.74
Thiamine (mM) CHO-GS 0.0129, 0.0134, 0.0159, 0.0273 N/A Affected Gangwar et al.22
Galactose (g/L) CHO 0, 8, 19.50 Increases N/A Quan et al.67
CHO-S 0, 1.802, 3.603 Affected N/A Rouiller et al.52
β-glycerol phosphate (g/L) CHO DG44 0 → 0.9 N/A Increases Xu et al.70
Spermine (mM) CHO-S 0, 0.075, 0.2 Increases Affected Rouiller et al.52
Asparagine (mM) CHO-S 0, 10, 20 Decreases Decreases Rouiller et al.52
Pyridoxine (mM) CHO/dhFr 0, 0.2, 0.4 Increases N/A Vijayasankaran et al.68
CHO-GS 0, 0.02, 0.0211, 0.0287 N/A N/A Gangwar et al.22
Riboflavin (mM) CHO/dhFr 0, 0.0133, 0.0266 Increases N/A Vijayasankaran et al.68
Cysteine (mM) CHOK1SV 1×(historical media) to 1×/1.5×(CD media) Decreases Decreases Hazeltine et al.46
Medium (%) CHO 85, 100, 115 Decreases N/A Horvath et al.45
CHO-DUX B11 and CHO-K1 1X CDFM, 2X CDFM (X) Decreases Increases Hossler et al.69
CHO BM-1, BM-2، BM-3، BM-4 Affected N/A Tang et al.37
Cobalamin (mM) CHO/dhFr 0, 0.0177, 0.0354 Increases N/A Vijayasankaran et al.68
Tryptophan (mM) CHOK1SV 1×(historical media) to 0.7×/0.4×(CD media) Decreases Decreases Hazeltine et al.46

aAll products are mAbs, and all media used are chemically defined.

b“→” indicates a change from one value to another; “vs.” compares two values; commas separate multiple values for the same parameter.

cEach parameter’s impact on charge variants is classified as Increase, Decrease, Affected (without a consistent trend), or N/A (no data or negligible impact reported).