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. 2025 Aug 15;22:21. doi: 10.1186/s12983-025-00577-z

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — A Principal component analysis (PCA) score plot. Four groups are distinguished: 50 m altitude, red circles; 1200 m altitude, blue boxes; 2300 m altitude, purple diamonds; and 3400 m, yellow circles. B KEGG pathway enrichment analysis for differential metabolites in liver of B. gargarizans. Color shades and circle sizes represent log₁₀(P value) and metabolite numbers, respectively. C Heat map of the expression pattern of differential metabolites in B. gargarizans at different altitudes. Red and blue colors indicate the up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively