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. 2025 Aug 6;5:104388. doi: 10.1016/j.bas.2025.104388

Table 2.

Associations between dichotomized clinical condition and immunohistological results

‘Back pain+’ is defined as NRS≥4; ‘Leg pain+’ is defined as NRS≥4; ‘ODI +’ is defined as ODI≥24; 158 patients filled in the questionnaires on leg pain and 154 patients filled in the questionnaires on back pain and ODI: therefore percentages were also indicated of patients with severe back/leg pain of ODI for each inflammation subgroup. In the no MF group 1 case was missing for ODI, in the M1 dominant group 2 cases were missing for back pain and ODI, for M1 = M2 group, 1 case was missing in for back pain and ODI; ∗ P-value <0.05

Back pain+ (n = 95)
N (%)
Leg pain+ (n = 142)
N (%)
ODI+ (n = 139)
N (%)
Inflammation severity
Minimal (N = 63) 24/50 (48 %) 42/51 (82 %) 44/50 (88 %)
Considerable (N = 124) 71/104 (68 %) 100/107 (93 %) 95/104 (91 %)
p-value 0.021 0.046 0.566



Macrophage type (N = total)
M1 dominant (N = 89) 51/73 (70 %) 68/75 (91 %) 66/75 (88 %)
M1 = M2 (N = 28) 18/23 (78 %) 23/24 (96 %) 22/24 (92 %)
M2 dominant (N = 17) 9/16(56 %) 16/16 (100 %) 15/16 (94 %)
No MF (N = 55) 17/43 (40 %) 35/44 (81 %) 36/43 (84 %)
p-value 0.005 0.169 0.252