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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2025 Aug 19.
Published in final edited form as: J Environ Sci Health C Toxicol Carcinog. 2025 Jun 12;43(3):243–268. doi: 10.1080/26896583.2025.2513795

Table 3.

Genotoxicity of BCE in the in vitro studies.

Study 131
Study 290
Study 332
Study 429
In vitro model TK6 cells Bacteria TK6 cells TK6 cells HepG2 Bacteria

BCE concentrations Up to 1,000 μg/mL Up to 6,000 μg/plate Up to 500 μg/mL Up to 250 μg/mL Up to 500 μg/mL Up to 10,000 μg/plate
Treatment time 4 h 24 h 20 min 4 h 24 h 4 h 24 h 4 h 24 h 20 min
Mutagenicity:
Ames test Equivocal in TA98 with 10% S9 Equivocal in TA98 with 10% S9
Genotoxicity:
MN assay NA NA NA
Comet assay NA NA NA NA *
YH2AX NA NA
P53 NA NA
p-Histone 3 NA NA NA NA

MN assay, micronucleus assay; NA, not available; *, not significant; —, no change.