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. 2025 Aug 18;11:77. doi: 10.1186/s40780-025-00485-8

Table 2.

Incidence rate of AKI by type of added NSAIDs in TW patients

Added NSAIDs n AKI cases, n Total follow-up duration, days AKI incidence rate [95%CI]
(/1,000 person-years)
Any type 41,904 54 984,848 20.0 [14.8 − 25.6]
nsCOX-i 30,968 32 493,273 23.7 [15.5 − 32.6]
  Acemetacin 54 0 471 -
  Aluminium flufenamate 19 0 124 -
  Ampiroxicam 15 0 220 -
  Diclofenac sodium 5495 5 44,931 40.6 [8.12 − 81.2]
  Flurbiprofen 124 0 789 -
  Flurbiprofen axetil 1443 3 2468 443.7 [0 − 1035.3]
  Ibuprofen 262 0 2801 -
  Indomethacin 88 0 292 -
  Indomethacin Farnesyl 58 0 2272 -
  Ketoprofen 328 0 2362 -
  Loxoprofen sodium hydrate 21,870 18 381,522 17.2 [9.57 − 25.8]
  Mefenamic acid 329 0 2166 -
  Moffezolac 50 0 546 -
  Naproxen 150 1 2995 121.9 [0 − 365.6]
  Oxaprozin 6 0 90 -
  Piroxicam 2 0 120 -
  Planoprofen 187 0 1868 -
  Proglumetacin maleate 8 0 364 -
  Surindac 28 0 952 -
  Thiaprofenic acid 32 0 200 -
sCOX2-i 10,425 15 383,861 14.3 [7.61 − 21.9]
  Celecoxib 8367 12 321,744 13.6 [6.81 − 21.6]
  Etodolac 746 1 22,677 16.1 [0 − 48.3]
  Lornoxicam 565 0 9354 -
  Meloxicam 296 1 13,376 27.3 [0 − 81.9]
  Nabumetone 7 0 156 -
  Zartoprofen 483 0 8742 -

Patients who were initiated on different types or components together were excluded from the analysis

The AKI incidence rate was calculated using the person-year method, dividing the number of AKI cases by the total follow-up period, and presented per 1,000 person-years

Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury. CI, confidence interval. NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. nsCOX-i: nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor. sCOX2-i, cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitors. TW, Triple Whammy