1. Concentrations of VMS in the Gaseous Phase across Regions .

Site	Time	Sample Size	Region	Method	LOD (ng/m3)	Types of cVMS	ΣcVMS (μg/m3)	Types of lVMS	ΣlMS (μg/m3)	Reference
Inside the factory workshop	2021	42	WWTP in Beijing, China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.09–0.11	D4–D6	1.9–17 ,		
		42	WWTP in Kunming, China				1.7–14 ,
	2017	21	Construction sites, and automobile and paint factories in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.17–0.37	D4–D6	340–890	L5–L8	0.02–13
	2012	14	Construction sites, and automobile, paint and textile factories in Northern China	Agilent 7890/5975C GC-MS	0.14–0.36	D4–D6	58.6–570	L5–L8	0.05–11
	2011	35	Siloxane manufacturing plants in Shandong, China	Agilent 7890/5975C GC-MS	0.14–0.36	D4–D6	34–2,700	L5, L6	1.2–14.3
	2018	50	Automobile, paint and textile factories in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.18–0.37	D4–D6	240–500		
Inside the factory dormitory	2017	105	Construction sites, and automobile and paint factories in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.17–0.37	D4–D6	170–420	L5–L8	0.29–8.7
	2019–2020	14	Hanoi, Vietnam	Agilent 7890 GC-MS	0.12	D4–D6	0.0279–0.657		
Residential premises	2016–2017	75	Hanoi, Vietnam	Agilent 7890/5977A GC-MS	0.04–0.25	D3–D6	0.0019–0.717	L4–L9	0.031–0.817
	2015	85	Oven-baking process in the kitchen, Munich, Germany	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	250	D3–D9	Low-pollution molds:<LOD-23.6		
	2015	85	Oven-baking process in the kitchen, Munich, Germany	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	250	D3–D9	High-pollution molds:4.1–599		
	2014	60	Albany, USA	Agilent 6890/5973 GC-MS	0.06–0.83	D3–D7	0.041–1.49	L3–L8	ND–0.705
	2021	54	within 1500 m of refinery, Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.30–0.35	D4–D6	12–75		
	2017	68	Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.17–0.37	D4–D6	1.7- 23	L3–L16	ND
	2012	60	Southwest China	Agilent 7890A/5975C GC-MS	0.14–0.36	D4–D6	0.045–0.14	L4–L11	ND
	2019–2020	16	Laboratories in Hanoi, Vietnam	Agilent 7890B GC-MS	0.12	D4–D6	ND-0.208		
							(0.0467)
Other premises	2017	28	Museums in Florence, Italy	Agilent 6890N-5973 GC-TD-MS	2.0–40	D3–D6	12.6–60.3		
	2016	27	Offices and laboratories in Uppsala, Sweden	Agilent 7890B GC and 5977A Series GC/MSD	20–42	D4–D6	0.05–2.61		
	2018	50	Universities in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.18–0.37	D4–D6	110–200 in female dormitory;	L7–L12	0.25–0.56
	2018	50	Universities in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.18–0.37	D4–D6	5.3–19 in male dormitory	L7–L12	0.25–0.56
	2013–2016	204	Industrial zones in Tarragona, Spain	Thermo Scientific Focus TD-GC and Thermo Scientific DSQ II MSD	0.05–0.09 (ng)	D3–D6		L2–L5	0.7 ± 0.6–18 ± 12
Outside the factory workplace	2021	14	Refinery in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.30–0.35	D4–D6	0.077–45		
	2017	21	Construction sites, and automobile and paint factories in Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.17–0.37	D4–D6	160–400	L5–L8	0.24–9.0
	2022	52	City neighborhood, New York, USA	Agilent 7000D GC-MS/MS	0.05–12 (ng)	D3–D5	0.0188–1.95	L5, L7	0.0003–0.0298
Residential outdoor	2019–2020	38	Hanoi, Vietnam	Agilent 7890B GC	0.12	D4–D6	0.00741–0.181		
							(0.063)
	2015	26	Catalonia, Spain	Thermo Scientific Focus TD-GC and Thermo Scientific DSQ II MSD	0.05–0.09 (ng)	D3–D6	0.50 ± 0.43	L2-L5	0.18 ± 0.13
	2011	42	Suburb, Stockholm, Sweden	TRACE GC Ultra Multichannel 800 GC	0.0038–0.27	D3–D6	0.0083–0.041	L3–L6	<LOD–0.00070
	2017	68	Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.17–0.37	D4–D6	0.071–0.107		
	2017	68	Southwest China	GCMS-QP2010 SE Single Quadrupole GC-MS	0.17–0.37	D4–D6	0.071–0.107		

^aVMS, volatile methylsiloxanes; LOD, limit of detection; WWTPs, wastewater treatment plants; GC, gas chromatography; MS, mass spectrometry; ND, not detectable.

^bConcentration of individual target substances.

^cAverage value.

^dMedian.