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. 2025 Aug 19;32:77. doi: 10.1186/s12929-025-01153-7

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Quantitative analysis of upstream kinases and mitochondrial remodeling proteins in autophagy-deficient skeletal muscle. A Representative immunoblots of gastrocnemius lysate of Atg7^f/f and Atg7^{f/f:Acta1−Cre} mice. Ponceau stained membrane shown as loading control. B Quantitative analysis of FOXO3A, p-FOXO3A (Ser318/321), p-FOXO3A/FOXO3A, AMPK, p-AMPK (Thr172), and p-AMPK/AMPK. C Quantification of P70S6K, p-P70S6K (Thr421/424), p-P70S6K/P70S6K, AKT1, p-AKT1 (Thr308), and p-AKT1/AKT1. D Representative immunoblots of whole gastrocnemius lysate of Atg7^f/f and Atg7^{f/f:Acta1−Cre} mice. GAPDH shown as loading control. E Quantitative analysis of ATG7, SQSTM1, LC3B-I, LC3B-II, and LC3B-II:I. F Quantitative analysis of PPARGC1A, TFAM, BNIP3, BNIP3L, PINK1, and PRKN. G Quantitative analysis of OPA1, MFN2, DNM1L, VDAC1, ANT1, CYCS, SOD1, and SOD2, * p < 0.05 compared to Atg7^f/f. N = 6 mice per group