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. 2025 Jul 28;11(8):1628–1641. doi: 10.1038/s41477-025-02049-y

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a, PCA of FLS2 homologues and their associated residue properties. The first five dimensions are displayed (dimensions (Dim.) 1 to 5) with their relative contributions across each FLS2 homologue. b, Highest ranked contribution of chemical residue variables for top two PCA dimensions. c, Heatmap of bulkiness (top), hydrophobicity (middle) and amino acid charge (bottom) along exposed residues of the LRR for different FLS2 variants. Residue swaps in synthetic variants that display differential bulkiness and/or charge are denoted (Δ bulkiness more than ±2, Δ hydrophobicity more than ±2, Δ charge more than ±0.5), with dark lines connected to the corresponding residue in the heatmaps. Surface-exposed residues are defined as ‘xLxxLxLxxNx’ of each LRR. d, AlphaFold3 model of the LRR regions of FLS2^XL, VrFLS2, QvFLS2 and FcFLS2 with residues coloured by bulkiness or charge as labelled in c. Swaps of interest are outlined in black. At, Arabidopsis thaliana, Sl, Solanum lycopersicum. Ma, Manavalan; Mi, Miyazawa; Pa, Parker; Pr, Prabhakaran; Wo, Wolfenden.