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. 2025 Aug 6;38:14424. doi: 10.3389/ti.2025.14424

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Copyright © 2025 López del Moral, San Segundo, Ortega, Martínez-Belotto, Valero, Belmar, Valentín, Rodrigo, López-Hoyos and Ruiz.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Kaplan-Meier survival graph showing ABMR-free survival across three DSA categories over four years post-transplant. Blue line (No DSA) has highest survival, red (Early-DSA) and yellow (Late-DSA) show lower survival rates. Log-rank test p-value is less than 0.001. A table below lists the number at risk for each group at yearly intervals, with No DSA starting at 304, Early-DSA at 30, and Late-DSA at 19. — Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) for DSA categories. Patients with early-DSA and late-DSA were associated with lower ABMR-free survival compared to patients without DSA (log rank p < 0.001). At 3 years posttransplant, ABMR-free survival was 87.8% (± 1.9%) in no-DSA patients, 53.3% (9.1%) in patients with early-DSA, and 42.1% (11.3%) in patients with late-DSA.