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. 2025 Aug 6;38:14940. doi: 10.3389/ti.2025.14940

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Copyright © 2025 Kourounis, Tingle, Maillo-Nieto, Wroe, Thompson, Owen, van Leeuwen, Holzner, Wadhera, Zeeshan Akhtar, Florman, Shaw, White and Wilson.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Flowchart depicting the selection process for pancreas transplant study participants. Starting with 9,912 recipients from 2014 to 2024, it excludes those before 2017 due to missing HbA1c data, leaving 6,998. Further exclusions include pancreas-alone or post-kidney transplants (1,066), graft loss within a year (499), less than one-year follow-up (1,216), and missing one-year HbA1c data (1,283). Finally, 17 recipients without diabetes indication are removed, resulting in 2,917 eligible participants. — Flowchart of recipients included in the study.