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. 2025 Aug 6;4:15008. doi: 10.3389/jaws.2025.15008

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Copyright © 2025 Latif, Brazkiewicz, Inan, Muysoms, Bhatti and Awan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Graph showing operative time in minutes plotted against case number for bilateral rTAPP groin procedures. Data points indicate times, and a moving average line shows a proficiency plateau around 15 cases, as marked by a vertical dashed line. — Learning Curve for Bilateral rTAPP Inguinal Hernia Repair.