This study used a novel approach to incorporate routinely collected real-world data to capture population heterogeneity within the structure of a pragmatic Markov model, as opposed to a more complex, time- and data-intensive discrete event simulation.

Baseline cholesterol levels were estimated using a bespoke analysis of primary care data linked to secondary care and death registration records.

An LDL-C treatment escalation threshold of 2.0 mmol/L (or equivalent non-HDL-C of 2.6 mmol/L) was recommended in NICE’s 2023 guideline update for the secondary prevention of CVD in England.