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. 2025 Apr 6;64(4):2981–3002. doi: 10.1007/s10943-025-02299-2

Table 1.

Distribution of variables across the complete case and imputed datasets for substance use outcomes

Variable Reference Complete case sample (n = 2047) Imputed sample (n = 8041)
Median (IQR) N(%) Median (IQR) N(%)
Harmful alcohol use Non-harmful drinking (harmful drinking) 77(3.8%) 548(6.8%)
Weekly smoking Not weekly smoker (weekly smoker) 226 (11.0%) 983 (12.2%)
Cannabis Not used (used) 562 (27.5%) 2406 (29.9%)
Other drugs Not used (used) 217 (10.6%) 1067 (13.3%)
Maternal crime No criminal record (a criminal record) 91 (4.4%) 507 (6.3%)
Maternal substance misuse No substance misuse (misused substances) 386 (18.9%) 1543 (19.2%)
Maternal smoking Smoker (non-smoker) 232 (11.3%) 1605 (20.0%)
Sex assigned at birth Male (Female) 1105 (54.0%) 3966 (49.3%)
Maternal education A level or higher (No education/CSE/vocational; GCSE)

253 (12.4%)

676 (33.0%)

1800 (22.4%)

2846 (35.4%)

Social class Non-manual (manual) 131 (6.4%) 821 (10.2%)
Home status Owned (rented) 221 (10.8%) 1536 (19.2%)
Financial problems No problems (had problems) 168 (8.2%) 875 (10.9%)
Financial hardship No difficulties (had difficulties) 312 (15.2%) 1796 (22.3%)
Maternal age at birth of study child 30 (6) 29 (6)
Marital status Not single (single) 254 (12.4%) 1535 (19.1%)
Maternal anxiety 4 (4) 4 (5)
Maternal depression 5 (5) 6 (6)
Maternal stressful life events 3 (3) 3 (3)