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. 2025 Apr 6;64(4):2981–3002. doi: 10.1007/s10943-025-02299-2
Measure Original response options Recoded response options Frequency 
1) Do you believe in God or in some divine power? Yes Yes 49.8%
Not sure Not sure 35.3%
No No 14.9%
2) Do you feel that God (or some divine power) has helped you at any time? Yes Yes 33.9%
Not sure Not sure 37.9%
No No 28.3%
3) Would you appeal to God for help if you were in trouble? Yes Yes 46.6%
Not sure Not sure 31.4%
No No 22.1%
4) How long have you had this particular faith? All my life1 Long-time (non) believer1 96.9%
More than 5 years1
3–5 years2 Recent convert2 3.1%
1–2 years2

Less than a year2

No response1

5) Do you go to a place of worship? Yes, at least once a week1 Religious attendance1 14.3%
Yes, at least once a month1 Occasional attendance2 85.7%
Yes, at least once a year2
Not at all2
No response2
6) Do you obtain help and support from leaders [other members] of your [other] religious group? Yes1 Yes1 11.3%
No2 No2 88.7%
No response2

Superscript indicates recoding pattern.