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. 2025 Apr 19;23(5):797–822. doi: 10.1007/s40258-025-00953-0

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© The Author(s) 2025

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments) risk of bias: review authors'judgments about the final rating of each measurement property presented as percentages across all included studies for the utility score. COSMIN risk of bias: very good, adequate, doubtful, or inadequate quality. Each measurement property was presented with the total number of studies (n) assessed