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. 2025 Mar 15;16(1):5–81. doi: 10.1007/s13209-025-00305-0

Table 3.

Arrivals of tourists and COVID-19 deaths by region

Total Domestic Foreign
Log population density -0.092 -0.080 -0.212
(0.327) (0.315) (0.340)
Upper quartile in total arrivals 2.036***
(0.440)
Upper quartile in domestic arrivals 1.378**
(0.592)
Upper quartile in foreign arrivals 2.133***
(0.712)
Num.Obs 147 146 146
R2 0.421 0.420 0.446

*p<0.1, **<p0.05, ***p<0.01. The dependent variable is the log of cumulative deaths by COVID-19. Controls are the log of population density, and dummy variables that is equal to 1 if the region is in the upper quartile of the total, domestic, or foreign arrivals in 2020, 2019, and 2018