Skip to main content
. 2025 Aug 19;45:80. doi: 10.1007/s10571-025-01598-2

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

The illustration highlights cellular and material changes within the brain parenchyma and MLVs in both healthy (left side) and diseased or aged states (right side). Pathological changes in the brain parenchyma include AQP4 depolarization, impaired demyelination, Aβ and tau protein deposition, oxidative stress, vascular leakage, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and release of toxic molecules