Table 2.
The comorbidities of epilepsy and nonepilepsy in the Taiwan Biobank.
| Comorbidities | Epilepsy (n = 332) | Non-epilepsy (n = 986) | Comparison | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | p-value | |
| Neurology and psychiatry | ||||
| Depression | 34 (10.2) | 28 (2.8) | 30.88 | <0.001*** |
| Bipolar disorder | 12 (3.6) | 4 (0.4) | 21.59 | <0.001*** |
| Postpartum depression | 5 (1.5) | 3 (0.3) | 6.04 | 0.014* |
| Obsessive compulsive disorder | 3 (0.9) | 2 (0.2) | 3.28 | 0.070 |
| Alcoholism or drug addition | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9.02 | 0.003** |
| Schizophrenia | 10 (3.0) | 2 (0.2) | 21.98 | <0.001*** |
| Paroxysmal hemicrania | 24 (7.2) | 23 (2.3) | 17.65 | <0.001*** |
| Multiple sclerosis | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | – |
| Parkinson’s disease | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9.02 | 0.003** |
| Dementia | 3 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9.02 | 0.003** |
| Vertigo | 30 (9.0) | 34 (3.4) | 17.16 | <0.001*** |
| Cardiovascular diseases | ||||
| Valve heart disease | 14 (4.2) | 24 (2.4) | 2.93 | 0.087 |
| Coronary artery disease | 8 (2.4) | 18 (1.8) | 0.47 | 0.493 |
| Arrhythmia | 22 (6.6) | 34 (3.4) | 6.36 | 0.012* |
| Cardiomyopathy | 7 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | 21.11 | <0.001*** |
| Congenital heart disease | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 0.11 | 0.739 |
| Other heart disease | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | 0.67 | 0.414 |
| Apoplexy | 12 (3.6) | 1 (0.1) | 31.72 | <0.001*** |
| Hyperlipidemia | 42 (12.6) | 64 (6.4) | 13.13 | <0.001*** |
| Hypertension | 55 (16.5) | 96 (9.6) | 11.85 | <0.001*** |
| Diabetes | 24 (7.2) | 48 (4.8) | 2.82 | 0.093 |
| Aches | ||||
| Osteoporosis | 18 (5.4) | 65 (6.5) | 0.52 | 0.472 |
| Arthritis | 23 (6.9) | 46 (4.6) | 2.70 | 0.101 |
| Gout | 16 (4.8) | 43 (4.3) | 0.148 | 0.701 |
| Gastroenterology, hepatology and nephrology | ||||
| Peptic ulcer | 58 (17.4) | 167 (16.7) | 0.09 | 0.768 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux | 45 (13.5) | 67 (6.7) | 15.03 | <0. 001*** |
| Irritable bowel syndrome | 13 (3.9) | 20 (2.0) | 3.74 | 0.053 |
| Liver gall stone | 16 (4.8) | 40 (4.0) | 0.40 | 0.528 |
| Kidney stone | 24 (7.2) | 65 (6.5) | 0.20 | 0.657 |
| Renal failure | 1 (0.3) | 2 (0.2) | 0.11 | 0.739 |
| Ophthalmology | ||||
| Cataract | 24 (7.2) | 74 (7.4) | 0.02 | 0.904 |
| Glaucoma | 6 (1.8) | 19 (1.9) | 0.01 | 0.907 |
| Xerophthalmia | 34 (10.2) | 91 (9.1) | 0.57 | 0.551 |
| Retinal detachment | 6 (1.8) | 14 (1.4) | 0.27 | 0.603 |
| Floaters | 39 (11.7) | 116 (11.6) | 0.00 | 0.961 |
| Blind | 4 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 12.04 | <0.001*** |
| Color blind | 3 (0.9) | 6 (0.6) | 0.34 | 0.562 |
| Other eye disease | 19 (5.7) | 33 (3.3) | 3.84 | 0.050* |
| Others | ||||
| Allergic | 40 (12.0) | 63 (6.3) | 11.40 | <0.001*** |
| Asthma | 20 (6.0) | 31 (3.1) | 5.72 | 0.017* |
| Emphysema or bronchitis | 6 (1.8) | 9 (0.9) | 1.82 | 0.177 |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001.