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. 2025 Aug 20;20:776. doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-06212-1

Table 2.

Scapular posterior Tilt (PT), upward rotation (UR), and external rotation (ER) at 10° increments across the elbow extension range of motion a, for different hand positions

Variables Elbow Flexion (°) p-values
(rotation)b 		p-values
(rotation × groups) b
105 (°) 95 (°) 85 (°) 75 (°) 65 (°) 55 (°) 45 (°) 35 (°)
Cardinal Plane Position Mean ± SD
Palms Rotation Posterior tilt of the Scapula
Internal hand condition CON 25.74 ± 2.94* 21.11 ± 2.40* 14.97 ± 1.95* 8.31 ± 1.59* 0.92 ± 1.46* -6.90 ± 1.16* -13.33 ± 0.89* -16.10 ± 1.91* P < 0.001** P < 0.001**
CSP 8.92 ± 1.19* 4.49 ± 0.88* -2.08 ± 1.35* -7.33 ± 1.47* -11.66 ± 1.74* -15.51 ± 2.14* -18.10 ± 2.43* -19.44 ± 2.30*
Normal hand condition CON 16.12 ± 2.40* 12.14 ± 2.04* 7.49 ± 1.95* 2.87 ± 2.18* -3.60 ± 2.59* -8.00 ± 3.10* -12.18 ± 3.66* -15.98 ± 4.17* P < 0.001** P < 0.082
CSP 11.17 ± 2.69* 6.88 ± 2.65* 1.71 ± 2.42* -2.17 ± 2.51* -6.65 ± 2.81* -10.49 ± 2.56* -14.14 ± 2.48* -12.08 ± 4.27*
External hand condition CON 18.63 ± 2.09* 14.93 ± 1.82 10.37 ± 1.65* 4.48 ± 2.20* 0.20 ± 2.57* -4.23 ± 3.09* -7.05 ± 3.30* -9.38 ± 3.48* P < 0.026** P < 0.001**
CSP 3.25 ± 0.84 1.12 ± 1.11 -0.66 ± 1.24* -2.83 ± 1.33* -4.26 ± 2.00 -8.01 ± 2.79* -8.31 ± 3.22 -6.50 ± 4.29
Upward rotation of the Scapula
Internal hand condition CON 15.37 ± 4.62 13.82 ± 4.57* 7.57 ± 5.17 5.24 ± 5.05 2.24 ± 5.09 -0.05 ± 4.97 -1.17 ± 5.03 -2.28 ± 5.06 P < 0.019** P < 0.004**
CSP -6.32 ± 2.26 -6.48 ± 1.92 -7.64 ± 0.90 -7.82 ± 0.68 -7.51 ± 0.63 -7.20 ± 0.61 -6.56 ± 0.71 -5.91 ± 0.82
Normal hand condition CON -27.54 ± 4.99 -24.97 ± 4.55 -21.79 ± 4.04* -18.89 ± 3.55 -16.21 ± 3.15* -14.13 ± 3.03* -13.26 ± 2.91 -12.57 ± 2.94 P < 0.001** P < 0.827
CSP 2.40 ± 2.64* 4.79 ± 3.07 8.26 ± 3.19* 10.93 ± 3.06* 13.17 ± 2.73* 15.22 ± 2.62* 17.19 ± 2.59* 18.12 ± 2.47*
External hand condition CON -3.53 ± 2.51* -0.81 ± 2.49* 5.10 ± 2.55* 9.60 ± 2.40* 13.98 ± 2.52* 18.15 ± 2.76* 20.91 ± 2.87* 23.09 ± 3.00* P < 0.001** P < 0.425
CSP -2.69 ± 1.78* 0.59 ± 2.28 3.95 ± 2.51* 7.44 ± 2.90* 11.28 ± 3.09* 15.02 ± 3.31* 18.63 ± 3.24* 21.06 ± 3.21*
External rotation of the Scapula
Internal hand condition CON 20.44 ± 1.45 21.60 ± 1.65 22.42 ± 2.04 22.99 ± 2.39* 23.08 ± 2.81* 23.94 ± 2.93* 24.58 ± 3.17* 25.13 ± 3.24* P < 0.623 P < 0.003**
CSP 15.58 ± 1.12 14.70 ± 1.30 13.64 ± 1.44 12.15 ± 1.59 10.98 ± 1.61* 10.21 ± 1.79* 8.91 ± 2.13* 8.65 ± 2.35
Normal hand condition CON 24.79 ± 2.91 20.69 ± 2.68 18.64 ± 2.68 16.76 ± 2.67 14.90 ± 2.66 13.20 ± 2.54 10.55 ± 2.39 9.38 ± 2.31 P < 0.001** P < 0.019**
CSP 7.50 ± 3.60 5.51 ± 3.07 3.87 ± 2.62 2.49 ± 2.21 1.69 ± 1.95 1.43 ± 1.79 1.70 ± 1.70 1.50 ± 1.72
External hand condition CON 9.01 ± 3.90 1.33 ± 3.32 -3.46 ± 3.02* -6.77 ± 2.93* -7.29 ± 3.33* -10.30 ± 3.06* -11.27 ± 3.25* -12.07 ± 3.54* P < 0.001** P < 0.305
CSP 6.57 ± 3.26* 4.77 ± 3.15* 1.37 ± 2.76* -1.74 ± 2.31* -4.22 ± 2.11* -6.32 ± 2.03* -7.90 ± 1.95* -8.58 ± 1.96*

Note: a negative number indicates movement in the opposite direction; b P -values (rotation) represent the significance of changes in scapular movement across elbow flexion angles within each condition. P-values (rotation × groups) indicate the interaction effect, testing for between-group differences in these trends; ** shows a significant interaction effect for the ANOVA (p < 0.05); * Shows a significant effect within groups for the ANOVA (p < 0.05)

Abbreviations: CON = Control Group; CSP = Athletes with Shoulder Chronic Pain Group