Table 2.
Sub–group analysis based on HDI, Educational level, Source of sample, Diagnostic method, Average temperature, Annual rainfall, Climate, GBD Geographies regions, WHO region, Countries, Humidity, Age, Mean age, Gender and District/City/province in included studies
| Variables | No studies | Sample size | Infected | Pooled prevalence (95% CI) | Heterogeneity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I2 τ2 p-value | |||||
| HDI | |||||
| Very High human development | 31 | 25,401 | 4929 | 16.94 (9.5–25.98) | 99 9.76 P <.001 |
| High human development | 44 | 104,595 | 7876 | 17.39 (10.86–25.07) | 99 10.02 P <.001 |
| Medium human development | 68 | 45,167 | 9477 | 15.69 (11.91–19.87) | 99 5.14 P <.001 |
| Low human development | 47 | 24,825 | 9409 | 35.35 (25.97–45.34) | 99 12.58 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Income level | |||||
| High income level | 4 | 2219 | 66 | 2.67 (0.00–11.52) | 96 1.22 P <.001 |
| Upper middle income level | 57 | 115,458 | 10,965 | 15.46 (10.22–21.55) | 99 8.63 P <.001 |
| Lower middle income level | 91 | 61,616 | 16,112 | 22.78 (17.41–23.63) | 99 10.16 P <.001 |
| Low income level | 38 | 20,695 | 6432 | 26.95 (18.74–36.03) | 99 8.75 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Educational level | |||||
| Secondary school | 7 | 1788 | 212 | 12.65 (7.42–19.01) | 91 1.26 P <.001 |
| Primary school | 154 | 175,407 | 29,356 | 21.86 (17.96–26.03) | 99 9.42 P <.001 |
| Primary & Secondary school | 29 | 22,793 | 4007 | 0.1675 (0.0829–0.2739) | 99 12.44 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Type of sample | |||||
| Stool & Urine | 4 | 12,310 | 3169 | 47.27 (18.72–76.83) | 99 12.50 P <.001 |
| Stool | 180 | 185,382 | 29,698 | 20.24 (16.71–24.01) | 99 9.53 P <.001 |
| Stool & Blood | 5 | 1325 | 221 | 13.93 (4.46–27.40) | 97 3.54 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Diagnostic method | |||||
| Direct smear | 37 | 24,959 | 5404 | 19.85 (12.63–28.22) | 99 9.10 P <.001 |
| Concentration (Sedimentation) | 26 | 13,745 | 2944 | 22.73 (13.3–33.8) | 99 10.14 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Sedimentation) | 64 | 51,350 | 6016 | 15.18 (10.76–20.18) | 99 7.04 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Sedimentation) & staining | 18 | 13,044 | 1424 | 10.35 (4.9–17.5) | 99 4.97 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Flotation & Sedimentation) | 5 | 2397 | 620 | 30.59 (17.08–46.04) | 98 3.19 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Sedimentation) & kato-katz method | 14 | 22,380 | 6949 | 47.04 (30.19–64.25) | 99 10.95 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Flotation) | 4 | 2241 | 364 | 18.56 (8.21–31.86) | 97 2.39 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Scotch Tape Test | 5 | 46,858 | 1942 | 21.63 (0.00–65.87) | 99 27.72 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & staining | 6 | 4102 | 1361 | 40.15 (10.15–75.07) | 99 20.29 P <.001 |
| Kato-katz method | 4 | 6527 | 3085 | 51.90 (20.65–80.34) | 99 11.48 P <.001 |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Flotation) & staining | 1 | 461 | 26 | 5.64 (3.84–8.10) | -—- |
| Duplicate Urine filtration & Dipstick & Baerman method & Concentration (Flotation & Sedimentation) | 2 | 2004 | 883 | 44.20 (33.02–55.68) | 96 0.66 P <.001 |
| Multiplex PCR | 1 | 7710 | 2328 | 30.19 (29.13–31.18) | -—- |
| Direct smear & Concentration (Sedimentation) & staining & PCR | 3 | 2210 | 229 | 7.19 (1.70–15.96) | 97 1.46 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Average temperature | |||||
| 0–10 | 2 | 984 | 222 | 16.10 (0.00–55.82) | 99 9.56 P <.001 |
| 10–20 | 61 | 55,359 | 6493 | 11.38 (7.77–15.57) | 99 5.83 P <.001 |
| > 20 | 127 | 143,645 | 26,860 | 25.94 (21.15–31.04) | 99 10.39 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Humidity | |||||
| < 40 | 33 | 40,847 | 3497 | 12.20 (7.40–17.99) | 99 5.54 P <.001 |
| 40–75 | 134 | 89,849 | 22,803 | 21.42 (17.10–26.07) | 99 10.14 P <.001 |
| > 75 | 23 | 69,673 | 6978 | 14.85 (8.75–22.20) | 99 12.23 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Annual rainfall | |||||
| < 400 | 43 | 49,326 | 4639 | 11.63 (7.73–16.20) | 99 4.79 P <.001 |
| 400–1000 | 48 | 40,710 | 11,581 | 30.85 (21.77–40.73) | 99 13.21 P <.001 |
| 1001–1500 | 59 | 22,907 | 5043 | 16.63(11.79–22.11) | 99 7.20 P <.001 |
| > 1500 | 41 | 90,421 | 12,511 | 25.89 (17.68–35.05) | 99 10.48 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Climate | |||||
| Desert climate | 48 | 25,097 | 6986 | 28.28 (20.04–37.33) | 99 11.50 P <.001 |
| Hot-summer Mediterranean climate | 8 | 7292 | 2917 | 27.81 (9.16–51.78) | 99 12.66 P <.001 |
| Humid subtropical climates | 1 | 390 | 14 | 3.59 (2.15–5.93) | -—- |
| Semi-desert climate | 26 | 39,792 | 2782 | 7.60 (4.78–11) | 98 2.25 P <.001 |
| Tropical monsoon climate | 45 | 76,352 | 9916 | 20.82 (13.38–29.39) | 99 11.31 P <.001 |
| Tropical rainforest climate | 18 | 15,817 | 5219 | 35.44 (22.47–49.61) | 99 9.54 P <.001 |
| Tropical savanna climate | 20 | 25,613 | 3880 | 16.57 (8.43–26.74) | 99 7.92 P <.001 |
| Tropical wet-dry climate | 24 | 9635 | 1861 | 15.39 (9.56–22.29) | 99 4.70 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| GBD Geographies regions | |||||
| Caribbean | 2 | 307 | 209 | 63.52 (24.94–94.03) | 97 8 P <.001 |
| Central Asia | 1 | 594 | 208 | 35.02 (31.25–38.91) | -—- |
| Central Europe | 1 | 390 | 14 | 3.59 (2.17–5.95) | -—- |
| Central Latin America | 5 | 14,989 | 5173 | 32.19 (19.54–46.34) | 99 2.72 P <.001 |
| Central sub-Saharan Africa | 1 | 74 | 18 | 24.32 (16.40–35.39) | -—- |
| East Asia | 1 | 44,163 | 93 | 0.21 (0.07–0.15) | -—- |
| Eastern sub-Saharan Africa | 25 | 22,299 | 7209 | 36.63 (24.48–49.71) | 99 11.27 P <.001 |
| North Africa and Middle East | 49 | 56,116 | 6087 | 9.98 (6.71–13.82) | 99 4.39 P <.001 |
| Oceania | 1 | 400 | 22 | 5.50 (3.62–8.15) | -—- |
| South Asia | 72 | 29,770 | 5828 | 16.47 (11.92–21.59) | 99 7.81 P <.001 |
| Southeast Asia | 23 | 25,964 | 6792 | 38.30 (25.52–51.96) | 99 11.21 P <.001 |
| Southern sub-Saharan Africa | 2 | 271 | 88 | 30.39 (14.18–49.56) | 91 1.80 P <.001 |
| West Africa | 1 | 252 | 108 | 42.86 (36.88–49.03) | -—- |
| Western sub-Saharan Africa | 6 | 4399 | 1726 | 36.72 (7.58–72.83) | 99 21.35 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| WHO region | |||||
| African | 30 | 26,291 | 8767 | 35.99 (24.72–48.09) | 99 11.67 P <.001 |
| Americas | 7 | 15,296 | 5382 | 40.73 (24.38–58.21) | 99 5.52 P <.001 |
| Eastern Mediterranean | 56 | 57,212 | 6176 | 15.33 (10.19–21.28) | 99 8.55 P <.001 |
| European | 8 | 5513 | 2348 | 23.67 (5.88–48.51) | 99 14.20 P <.001 |
| South-East Asia | 71 | 35,101 | 5390 | 13.24 (9.69–17.24) | 99 5.57 P <.001 |
| Western Pacific | 18 | 60,575 | 5512 | 40.90 (26.74–55.88) | 99 10.44 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Countries | |||||
| Afghanistan | 2 | 2763 | 791 | 31.91 (21.68–43.11) | 95 0.67 P <.001 |
| Burkina Faso | 1 | 385 | 25 | 6.49 (4.38–9.35) | -—- |
| Cambodia | 2 | 1867 | 684 | 44.03 (24.44–64.65) | 97 2.20 P <.001 |
| Colombia | 1 | 6945 | 2182 | 36.10 (34.77–37.21) | -—- |
| Cuba | 2 | 307 | 209 | 63.52 (24.94–94.03) | 97 0.0800 P <.001 |
| Democratic Republic | 1 | 74 | 18 | 24.32 (16.34–35.36) | -—- |
| Egypt | 4 | 3206 | 331 | 10.92 (5.30–18.20) | 97 1.06 P <.001 |
| Ethiopia | 16 | 9058 | 3974 | 37.30 (22.49–53.45) | 99 10.95 P <.001 |
| Guatemala | 1 | 5228 | 1207 | 23.09 (21.93–24.22) | -—- |
| Honduras | 1 | 2554 | 1493 | 58.46 (56.55–60.38) | -—- |
| India | 21 | 7838 | 1805 | 16.02 (9.61–23.60) | 98 4.90 P <.001 |
| Indonesia | 2 | 625 | 362 | 31.60 (0.0–99.92) | 99 44.30 P <.001 |
| Iran | 17 | 33,680 | 1710 | 4.62 (2.89–6.72) | 97 0.86 P <.001 |
| Iraq | 2 | 1275 | 176 | 14.25 (10.78–18.10) | 24 0.07 P =.25 |
| Kenya | 2 | 10,207 | 1709 | 16.67 (15.70–17.66) | 0 0.01 P =.52 |
| Madagascar | 1 | 241 | 14 | 5.81 (3.60–9.61) | -—- |
| Malaysia | 7 | 4807 | 1315 | 39.38 (21.58–58.77) | 99 6.86 P <.001 |
| Mali | 1 | 971 | 487 | 50.15 (46.97–53.34) | -—- |
| Nepal | 33 | 12,647 | 1773 | 11.96 (7.35–17.48) | 98 5.08 P <.001 |
| Nicaragua | 1 | 880 | 238 | 27.05 (24.11–30) | -—- |
| Nigeria | 3 | 1440 | 1196 | 63.25 (16.50–97.87) | 99 19.32 P <.001 |
| Oman | 1 | 436 | 41 | 9.40 (6.94–12.45) | -—- |
| Pakistan | 7 | 1932 | 1060 | 58.61 (29.80–84.54) | 99 15.58 P <.001 |
| Palestine | 6 | 5456 | 959 | 12.73 (5.54–22.28) | 98 2.45 P <.001 |
| Philippines | 3 | 937 | 540 | 60.75 (30.74–86.91) | 98 7.04 P <.001 |
| Saudi Arabia | 2 | 1393 | 11 | 0.62 (0.01–1.95) | 81 0.0015 P =.02 |
| Senegal | 1 | 1603 | 18 | 1.12 (0.42–1.45) | -—- |
| Slovakia | 1 | 390 | 14 | 3.59 (2.11–5.90) | -—- |
| South Africa | 2 | 271 | 88 | 30.39 (14.18–49.56) | 91 1.80 P <.001 |
| Sri Lanka | 1 | 145 | 28 | 19.31 (13.86–26.59) | -—- |
| Sudan | 4 | 930 | 364 | 40.03 (9.58–76.61) | 98 13.86 P <.001 |
| Syria | 1 | 1469 | 5 | 0.34 (0.09–0.73) | -—- |
| Taiwan | 1 | 44,163 | 93 | 0.21 (0.07–0.15) | -—- |
| Tajikistan | 1 | 594 | 208 | 35.02 (31.28–38.93) | -—- |
| Tanzania | 2 | 1863 | 1148 | 67.41 (14.04–99.96) | 99 17.39 P <.001 |
| Thailand | 14 | 13,846 | 1422 | 9.96 (4–18.17) | 99 5.10 P <.001 |
| The Republic Of Marshall Island | 1 | 400 | 22 | 5.50 (3.59–8.13) | -—- |
| Turkey | 6 | 4529 | 2126 | 26.41 (4.04–58.99) | 99 17.47 P <.001 |
| Venezuela | 1 | 282 | 53 | 18.79 (14.67–23.77) | -—- |
| Vietnam | 3 | 8327 | 2840 | 65.04 (26.48–94.62) | 99 12.23 P <.001 |
| West Africa | 1 | 252 | 108 | 42.86 (36.88–49.03) | -—- |
| Yemen | 10 | 4672 | 728 | 14.85 (8.75–22.20) | 97 2.26 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Age | |||||
| 5–10 | 85 | 102,795 | 12,330 | 19.25 (14.69–24.25) | 99 8.01 P <.001 |
| 10–15 | 85 | 61,428 | 15,140 | 22.32 (16.56–28.68) | 99 11.63 P <.001 |
| Total | 190 | ||||
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 108 | 54,944 | 10,029 | 33.15 (28.17–38.33) | 99 7.95 P <.001 |
| Female | 108 | 49,297 | 8102 | 31.09 (26.04–36.37) | 99 8.48 P <.001 |
| Total | 108 | ||||
| District/City/province | |||||
| Aga | 1 | 726 | 154 | 21.21 (18.24–24.21) | -—- |
| Ahmednagar | 1 | 624 | 54 | 8.65 (6.63–11.06) | -—- |
| Amalapuram | 1 | 200 | 13 | 6.50 (3.88–10.84) | -—- |
| Ambara | 1 | 375 | 95 | 25.33 (21.20–29.97) | -—- |
| Ambatoboeny | 1 | 241 | 14 | 5.81 (3.31–9.35) | -—- |
| Amber | 1 | 384 | 55 | 14.32 (11.14–18.15) | -—- |
| Amhara | 1 | 798 | 248 | 31.08 (27.93–34.35) | -—- |
| Amran | 1 | 360 | 33 | 9.17 (6.69–12.67) | -—- |
| Anakaputhur | 1 | 250 | 19 | 7.60 (4.51–11.21) | -—- |
| Angolela | 1 | 664 | 75 | 11.30 (9.14–13.96) | -—- |
| Antioquia | 1 | 6045 | 2182 | 36.10 (34.86–37.28) | -—- |
| Ardabil | 1 | 1070 | 16 | 1.50 (0.95–2.44) | -—- |
| Baglung | 1 | 260 | 26 | 10 (6.87–14.21) | -—- |
| Baharatpur | 1 | 300 | 62 | 20.67 (16.51–25.64) | -—- |
| Bahir Dar | 1 | 2372 | 1463 | 61.68 (59.70–63.61) | -—- |
| Bajawar | 1 | 402 | 243 | 60.45 (55.59–65.11) | -—- |
| Bandar Abbas | 1 | 1456 | 4 | 0.27 (0.06–0.65) | -—- |
| Benin | 1 | 249 | 164 | 65.86 (59.75–71.343) | -—- |
| Berber | 1 | 100 | 87 | 87 (78.83–91.97) | -—- |
| Bhaili | 1 | 250 | 27 | 10.80 (7.43–15.18) | -—- |
| Bhaktapur | 3 | 568 | 45 | 6.68 (0.55–18.20) | 94 2.31 P <.001 |
| Bhopal | 1 | 300 | 45 | 15 (11.24–19.35) | -—- |
| Bijapur | 1 | 58 | 6 | 10.34 (5.45–21.21) | -—- |
| Bochesa | 1 | 384 | 84 | 21.88 (17.90–26.18) | -—- |
| Budaun | 1 | 367 | 49 | 13.35 (10.30–17.26) | -—- |
| Bushehr | 1 | 203 | 23 | 11.33 (7.77–16.50) | -—- |
| Chandigarh | 1 | 360 | 22 | 6.11 (3.98–9) | -—- |
| Chiang Mai | 1 | 781 | 146 | 18.69 (15.85–21.35) | -—- |
| Chiang Mal | 1 | 403 | 120 | 29.78 (25.36–34.31) | -—- |
| Chitwan | 1 | 296 | 23 | 7.77 (5.35–11.49) | -—- |
| Dadeldhura | 1 | 530 | 161 | 30.38 (26.62–34.42) | -—- |
| Dahahira | 1 | 436 | 41 | 9.40 (7.07–12.56) | -—- |
| Dak Lak | 1 | 7710 | 2328 | 30.19 (29.18–31.23) | -—- |
| Dakar | 1 | 1603 | 18 | 1.12 (0.62–1.68) | -—- |
| Damanhur | 1 | 810 | 47 | 5.80 (4.27–7.51) | -—- |
| Damascus | 1 | 1469 | 5 | 0.34 (0.16–0.81) | -—- |
| Damauli | 1 | 150 | 27 | 18 (12.74–24.97) | -—- |
| Damghan | 1 | 764 | 70 | 9.16 (7.35–11.45) | -—- |
| Davao del Norte | 1 | 572 | 248 | 43.36 (39.35–47.45) | -—- |
| Democratic Republic of Sao Tome | 1 | 252 | 108 | 42.86 (36.94–49.03) | -—- |
| Dera | 1 | 382 | 211 | 55.24 (50.22–60.13) | -—- |
| Dharan | 2 | 298 | 14 | 4.62 (2.32–7.57) | 0 0.02 P =.45 |
| Dharan Submetropolitan | 1 | 400 | 43 | 10.75 (8.10–14.19) | -—- |
| Dir | 1 | 324 | 266 | 82.10 (77.94–86.39) | -—- |
| Duhok | 1 | 1172 | 158 | 13.48 (11.59–15.51) | -—- |
| Eskisehir | 1 | 132 | 10 | 7.58 (4.06–13.30) | -—- |
| Fangouné Bamanan and Diakalèl | 1 | 971 | 487 | 50.15 (47.01–53.29) | -—- |
| Gaza | 1 | 432 | 53 | 12.27 (9.57–15.75) | -—- |
| Golestan | 1 | 800 | 31 | 3.87 (2.71–5.42) | -—- |
| Gondar | 1 | 304 | 82 | 26.97 (22.28–32.22) | -—- |
| Hakim | 1 | 333 | 34 | 10.21 (7.52–14.03) | -—- |
| Hanoi | 1 | 217 | 144 | 66.36 (59.82–72.27) | -—- |
| Harbu | 1 | 400 | 38 | 9.50 (6.89–12.67) | -—- |
| Huaphan | 1 | 74 | 18 | 24.32 (16.34–35.37) | -—- |
| Ibb | 2 | 558 | 119 | 20.70 (2.04–51.25) | 98 5.39 P <.001 |
| Imo | 1 | 132 | 26 | 19.70 (13.98–27.41) | -—- |
| Itahari | 1 | 200 | 26 | 13 (9.17–18.48) | -—- |
| Izmir | 1 | 1127 | 128 | 11.36 (9.65–13.36) | -—- |
| Jahrom | 1 | 431 | 1 | 0.23 (0.12–1.40) | -—- |
| Jakarta | 1 | 157 | 2 | 1.27 (0.62–4.80) | -—- |
| Janakpurdham | 1 | 155 | 14 | 9.03 (5.68–14.77) | -—- |
| Jaragedo | 1 | 396 | 72 | 18.18 (14.74–22.32) | -—- |
| Jeddah | 1 | 581 | 1 | 0.17 (0–0.82) | -—- |
| Kampongcham | 1 | 251 | 138 | 54.98 (48.80–60.98) | -—- |
| Kancheepuram | 1 | 335 | 133 | 39.70 (34.61–45.03) | -—- |
| Kashmir | 2 | 482 | 306 | 53.99 (13.92–91.16) | 98 9.95 P <.001 |
| Kaski | 2 | 2254 | 123 | 5.17 (3.75–6.80) | 0 0.02 P =.34 |
| Kathmandu | 12 | 4523 | 929 | 14.53 (4.36–29.18) | 99 9.90 P <.001 |
| Kavrepalanchowk | 1 | 360 | 81 | 22.50 (18.50–27.10) | -—- |
| Kenya | 1 | 9801 | 1646 | 16.79 (15.91–17.40) | -—- |
| Khan Younis | 2 | 2740 | 705 | 24.99 (7.88–47.68) | 99 2.94 P <.001 |
| Khartoum | 2 | 620 | 248 | 30.42 (7.32–60.69) | 97 4.79 P <.001 |
| Khodabandeh | 1 | 250 | 17 | 3.27 (2.10–5.22) | -—- |
| Khurda | 1 | 250 | 20 | 8 (5.39–12.17) | -—- |
| Khyber Pakhtunkhwa | 1 | 222 | 222 | 0 (98.23–99.99) | -—- |
| Kutahya | 1 | 471 | 51 | 12.10 (9.36–15.27) | -—- |
| Lahore | 1 | 300 | 36 | 12 (8.92–16.27) | -—- |
| Lalitpur | 1 | 1392 | 40 | 2.87 (2.04–3.82) | -—- |
| Legaspi | 1 | 64 | 30 | 46.88 (35.35–58.81) | -—- |
| Lipis | 1 | 498 | 261 | 52.41 (48.02–56.76) | -—- |
| Lokhim | 1 | 359 | 31 | 8.64 (6.23–12.07) | -—- |
| Lorestan | 1 | 366 | 36 | 9.84 (7.16–13.29) | -—- |
| Lower Dir | 1 | 184 | 58 | 31.52 (25.36–38.61) | -—- |
| Mahiyangana | 1 | 145 | 28 | 19.31 (13.76–26.53) | -—- |
| Maksegnit and Enfranz | 1 | 520 | 352 | 64 (59.90–67.82) | -—- |
| Marvdasht | 1 | 337 | 6 | 1.78 (0.83–3.84) | -—- |
| Matanzas | 1 | 107 | 46 | 42.99 (34.12–52.44) | -—- |
| Mthatha | 1 | 162 | 65 | 40.12 (32.96–47.82) | -—- |
| Muang Pathum Thani | 1 | 202 | 1 | 0.5 (0.1–2.79) | -—- |
| Nablus | 2 | 955 | 48 | 4.84 (3.23–6.74) | 5.39 0 P =.30 |
| Nairobi | 1 | 406 | 63 | 15.52 (12.26–19.31) | -—- |
| Nakhon Pathom | 1 | 814 | 29 | 3.56 (2.47–5.05) | -—- |
| Nan | 1 | 1010 | 606 | 60 (56.96–63.01) | -—- |
| Nellimarla Mandal | 1 | 124 | 17 | 13.71 (8.93–21) | -—- |
| Nopphitam | 1 | 299 | 34 | 11.37 (8.06–15.31) | -—- |
| North‑eastern India | 1 | 435 | 50 | 11.49 (8.77–14.78) | -—- |
| Nyamikoma | 1 | 830 | 752 | 90.60 (88,46–92.44) | -—- |
| Ofa | 1 | 391 | 357 | 91.30 (88.03–93.64) | -—- |
| Ogun State | 1 | 1059 | 1006 | 95 (93.69–96.34) | -—- |
| Ombda | 1 | 210 | 29 | 13.81 (9.70–19.06) | -—- |
| Omkoi | 1 | 375 | 33 | 8.80 (6.24–12.02) | -—- |
| Pahang | 1 | 300 | 208 | 69.33 (63.88–74.24) | -—- |
| Palajunoj | 1 | 5228 | 1207 | 23.09 (21.84–24.14) | -—- |
| Peninsular | 1 | 2902 | 288 | 10.44 (3.03–21.56) | 98 1.21 P <.001 |
| Peshawar | 1 | 200 | 140 | 70 (63.29–75.86) | -—- |
| Phitsanulok | 1 | 352 | 12 | 3.41 (2–5.9) | -—- |
| Pinar del Río | 1 | 200 | 163 | 81.50 (75.49–86.20) | -—- |
| Pokhara | 1 | 100 | 6 | 6 (2.88–12.57) | -—- |
| Puducherry | 1 | 1172 | 660 | 56.31 (53.47–59.15) | -—- |
| Qalqilia | 1 | 1329 | 153 | 11.51 (9.69–13.14) | -—- |
| Qom | 1 | 2410 | 119 | 4.94 (4.01–5.75) | -—- |
| Ratchaburi | 1 | 252 | 12 | 4.76 (2.80–8.18) | -—- |
| Rishikesh | 1 | 461 | 26 | 5.64 (3.89–8.15) | -—- |
| Roxas | 1 | 301 | 262 | 87.04 (82.78–90.38) | -—- |
| Rupandehi | 1 | 217 | 114 | 52.53 (45.91–59.06) | -—- |
| Rural coastal Tanzania | 1 | 1033 | 396 | 38.33 (35.40–41.33) | -—- |
| Rwanda | 1 | 109 | 23 | 21.10 (14.74–29.82) | -—- |
| Sakon Nakhon | 1 | 417 | 121 | 29.02 (24.87–33.55) | -—- |
| Samut Sakhon | 1 | 4014 | 152 | 3.79 (3.15–4.34) | -—- |
| Sana’a | 2 | 573 | 162 | 7.75 (0–28.70) | 99 4.12 P <.001 |
| Sanandaj | 1 | 400 | 15 | 3.75 (2.30–6.11) | -—- |
| Sanliurfa | 1 | 1820 | 1759 | 96.65 (95.73–97.39) | -—- |
| Saptari | 1 | 285 | 8 | 2.81 (1.41–5.42) | -—- |
| Saraburi | 1 | 263 | 5 | 1.90 (0.84–4.39) | -—- |
| Sarawak | 1 | 264 | 117 | 44.32 (38.49–50.35) | -—- |
| Sari | 1 | 1100 | 56 | 5.09 (3.87–6.48) | -—- |
| Sekota | 1 | 402 | 38 | 9.45 (6.66–12.44) | -—- |
| Shahriar | 1 | 1902 | 294 | 15.46 (13.68–16.95) | -—- |
| Skardu | 1 | 300 | 95 | 31.67 (26.65–37.13) | -—- |
| South Khorasan | 1 | 2169 | 171 | 7.88 (6.71–8.99) | -—- |
| Srinagar | 1 | 514 | 191 | 37.16 (31.06–41.40) | -—- |
| Suka | 1 | 468 | 360 | 76.92 (72.93–80.56) | -—- |
| Tabuk | 1 | 812 | 10 | 1.23 (0.59–2.17) | -—- |
| Taifg | 1 | 150 | 18 | 12 (7.68–18.14) | -—- |
| Taipei | 1 | 44,163 | 93 | 0.21 (0–0.04) | -—- |
| Taiz | 2 | 863 | 136 | 14.70 (5.44–27.41) | 95 1.22 P <.001 |
| Tam Nong | 1 | 400 | 368 | 92 (88.91–94.26) | -—- |
| Tana | 1 | 520 | 458 | 88.08 (85.04–90.62) | -—- |
| Tanta | 1 | 1520 | 112 | 7.37 (5.94–8.58) | -—- |
| Tapah | 1 | 508 | 308 | 60.63 (56.34–64.83) | -—- |
| Tegucigalpa | 1 | 2554 | 1493 | 58.46 (56.54–60.36) | -—- |
| Tehran | 2 | 19,459 | 835 | 4.20 (3.85–4.56) | 0 0.01 P =.68 |
| Vadodara | 1 | 140 | 16 | 11.43 (7.35–17.91) | -—- |
| Varamin | 1 | 293 | 16 | 5.46 (3.43–8.72) | -—- |
| Wonji Shoa Sugar | 1 | 403 | 312 | 77.42 (73.13–81.28) | -—- |
| Yıgılca | 1 | 523 | 89 | 17.02 (14–20.44) | -—- |
| Zakho | 1 | 103 | 18 | 17.48 (11.56–26.08) | -—- |
| Total | 147 | ||||