Table 4.

Keyword clusters for the fourth stage (2021–2024).

Cluster ID	Cluster keywords	Representative keywords
0	Gut microbiota	Insulin resistance; cardiovascular disease; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; ubiquitin-specific protease; adipose tissue inflammation metabolic syndrome; oxidative stress; mitochondria dysfunction; milk peptide; adipose tissue inflammation
1	Fatty liver	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; cardiovascular disease; diabetes mellitus; coronary artery disease; arterial stiffness nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; hepatic steatosis; systematic review; impaired lung function; weekend catch-up sleep
2	Atherosclerosis	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; systolic dysfunction; vascular dysfunction; fat score cardiovascular disease; metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease; cardiac remodeling; type 2 diabetes; gene polymorphisms
3	Treatment	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; systems biology; areca catechu; sodium-glucose cotransporter nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; liver fibrosis; systems biology; areca catechu; sodium-glucose co-transporter
4	Metabolic syndrome	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; computed tomography; risk stratification; coronary artery calcium; NAFLD activity score nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; fatty liver; liver disease; healthy patients; metabolic syndrome
5	Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; liver failure; liver fibrosis; medical examinations; liver diseases nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; metabolic-associated fatty liver disease; diet quality; coronary artery disease; fibrosis marker
6	Natural history	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; nonalcoholic steatohepatitis; FGF-based therapeutics; fibroblast growth factors; ketone bodies cardiovascular disease; hepatic fibrosis; myocardial energetic efficiency; fib-4 index; cardiac energetics
7	Cohort study	Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; fatty liver index; cardiometabolic risk; sub-Saharan Africa; HDL-c ratio diabetes mellitus; cardiometabolic risk factors; liver fibrosis; fatty liver; metabolic diseases

FGF = fibroblast growth factor, HDL-c = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.