Table 3.

Complications and Refinements for the Entire Sample, Grouped by Surgical Technique

Variables	Total Sample (n = 92)	Periareolar (n = 27)	NAC Flap (n = 20)	NAC Graft (n = 45)	P
Complications
Complications requiring immediate reoperation, (%)	13 (14.1)	7 (25.9)	1 (5.0)	5 (11.1)	0.134
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Hematoma approached (uni- or bilateral), (%)	12 (13.0)	6 (22.2)	1 (5.0)	5 (11.1)	0.276
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Hematoma not approached, (%)	2 (2.2)	2 (7.4)	0 (—)	0 (—)	0.129
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Complications managed on an outpatient basis, (%)	30 (32.6)	11 (40.7)	6 (30.0)	13 (28.9)	0.543
Dehiscence, (%)	6 (6.5)	3 (11.1)	3 (15.0)	0 (—)	0.016
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Wound infection, (%)	3 (3.3)	0 (—)	2 (10.0)	1 (2.2)	0.197
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Seroma, (%)	18 (19.6)	8 (29.6)	1 (5.0)	9 (20.0)	0.082
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Partial necrosis NAC graft, (%)	7 (7.6)	0 (—)	3 (15.0)	4 (8.9)	0.139
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Partial skin necrosis, (%)	1 (1.1)	0 (—)	1 (5.0)	0 (—)	0.217
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Refinements
Refinement, (%)	13 (14.1)	5 (18.5)	3 (15.0)	5 (11.1)	0.630
Valid N	92	27	20	45
Type of reoperation
Scar appearance enhancement, (%)	10 (76.9)	5 (100.0)	3 (100.0)	2 (40.0)	0.073
Symmetry improvement, (%)	4 (30.8)	2 (40.0)	2 (66.7)	0 (—)	0.196
NAC pigmentation correction, (%)	2 (15.4)	0 (—)	1 (33.3)	1 (20.0)	0.680
Fat grafting, (%)	2 (15.4)	1 (20.0)	1 (33.3)	0 (—)	0.680
Excess skin resection, (%)	5 (38.5)	0 (—)	0 (—)	5 (100.0)	0.002
Flap revision, (%)	5 (38.5)	4 (80.0)	1 (33.3)	0 (—)	0.040
Nipple surgery, (%)	1 (7.7)	1 (20.0)	0 (—)	0 (—)	1.000
Valid N	13	5	3	5

Bold values indicate statistical significance.

P values by the Fisher exact test.