Table 1.
Basic characteristics of the included studies.
| Study | Patients of IG | Male | Female | Patients of CG | Male | Female | Age of IG, CG (mean ± SD) | Age of CG, CG (mean ± SD) | Treatment intervention | Interventions dose, route | Control intervention | Control measures, dose, route | Outcome measure | Diagnostic instrument |
follpw-up (week) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chen RF 2006 | 46 | 12 | 34 | 38 | 9 | 29 | 25–65 | 25–65 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | TWBX | 9 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Du XQ 2011 | 42 | 15 | 27 | 40 | 12 | 28 | 24–74 | 26–68 | Bailemian | 0.81 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| He ZW 2010 | 60 | 38 | 22 | 60 | 38 | 22 | 39.6 ± 3.3 | 39.4 ± 3.1 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, tid, 2 wk | BZYXW | 15 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Hu CL 2017 | 60 | 35 | 25 | 60 | 36 | 24 | 38.8 ± 2.6 | 38.5 ± 2.8 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, tid, 2 wk | BZYXW | 15 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Huang Y 2017 | 60 | 35 | 25 | 60 | 33 | 27 | 75.27 ± 14.73 | 76.93 ± 13.89 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 8 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Mai J 2009 | 30 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 14 | 16 | 38.20 ± 3.12 | 38.60 ± 3.31 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 3 wk | Triazolam | 0.25 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Qiu XQ 2013 | 34 | 19 | 15 | 34 | 20 | 14 | 35.0 ± 13.5 | 38.0 ± 15.5 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, tid, 1 wk | Suanzaoren | 0.4 g, pod, qd, 1 wk | * | CCMD-2R | 1 |
| Shi XR 2019 | 62 | 34 | 28 | 62 | 32 | 30 | 45.02 ± 5.25 | 45.54 ± 5.28 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 1 wk | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 1 wk | *,‡ | ICD-10 | 1 |
| Si JW 2014 | 44 | / | / | 44 | / | / | 46–54 | 46–54 | Bailemian | 0.81 g, pod, tid, 2 wk | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Tang XJ 2008 | 30 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 18 | 45.02 ± 12.51 | 47.66 ± 13.97 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | TWBX | 9 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Wang HQ 2019 | 50 | 14 | 36 | 40 | 12 | 28 | 45.68 ± 3.54 | 41.08 ± 3.61 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | TWBX | 9 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang DJ 2013 | 40 | / | / | 40 | / | / | 18–60 | 17–60 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 8 wk | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3-R | 8 |
| Wang L 2021 | 44 | 25 | 19 | 44 | 24 | 20 | 48.56 ± 3.39 | 48.87 ± 3.47 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Yin JL 2016 | 32 | / | / | 32 | / | / | 36.52 ± 9.10 | 35.14 ± 6.25 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | ICD-10 | 4 |
| Zhang SJ 2017 | 44 | 16 | 28 | 39 | 16 | 23 | 50.4 ± 14.0 | 51.3 ± 13.5 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 2 wk | †,‡ | ICD-10 | 2 |
| 41 | 14 | 27 | 50.4 ± 14.0 | 48.7 ± 12.1 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Oxazepam | 15 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | ICD-10 | 2 | ||||
| Zhang TH 2015 | 18 | 5 | 13 | 18 | 6 | 12 | 65.4 ± 8.37 | 66.2 ± 6.49 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhang YL 2015 | 132 | 54 | 78 | 47 | 18 | 29 | 29–69 | 19–63 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhao ZX 2006 | 88 | / | / | 78 | / | / | 25–65 | 25–65 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Suanzaoren | 0.4 g, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-2R | 2 |
| Zhou B 2015 | 30 | 7 | 23 | 30 | 9 | 21 | 45–78 | 45–78 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhou WF 2014 | 45 | / | / | 45 | / | / | 18–65 | 18–65 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Diazepatn | 3.75 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhou XY 2018 | 56 | / | / | 56 | / | / | / | / | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zou JD 2014 | 340 | 112 | 228 | 112 | 38 | 74 | 45.44 ± 13.71 | 43.73 ± 14.78 | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | TWBX | 9 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | †,‡ | ICSD-3 | 5 |
| Zeng ZL 2014 | 50 | 32 | 18 | 50 | 28 | 22 | 26–72 | 26–72 | SST | 1.25 g, pod, tid, 8 wk | Alprazolam | 0.8 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | † | CCMD-3 | 9 |
| Liu Q 2009 | 30 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 13 | 17 | 18–52 | 17–52 | SST | 0.75 g, pod, tid, 6 wk | Estazolam | 2.5 mg, pod, qd, 6 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| Song RX 2015 | 98 | 38 | 60 | 98 | 38 | 60 | 51.5 ± 2.3 | 52.3 ± 3.1 | SST | 0.75 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Tian J 2010 | 30 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 12 | 18 | 70 ± 7 | 67 ± 5 | SST | 0.75 g, pod, tid, 8 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Yan Q 2012 | 46 | 18 | 28 | 46 | 19 | 27 | 34–68 | 33–69 | SST | 0.75 g, pod, tid, 8 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Yu ZA 2009 | 50 | 24 | 29 | 50 | 22 | 29 | / | / | SST | 1.25 g, pod, tid, 8 wk | Alprazolam | 0.8 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | † | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Zhang L 2018 | 51 | 28 | 23 | 51 | 27 | 24 | 38.7 ± 4.6 | 39.2 ± 4.8 | SST | 0.75 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhang XE 2012 | 46 | 18 | 28 | 46 | 19 | 27 | 34–68 | 33–69 | SST | 0.75 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhao KQ 2010 | 60 | 32 | 28 | 60 | 28 | 32 | 20–82 | 16–76 | SST | 1.25 g, pod, tid, 8 wk | Oryzanol | 20 mg, pod, tid, 8 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Chen WC 2021 | 40 | 14 | 26 | 40 | 15 | 25 | 44.49 ± 3.48 | 44.53 ± 3.45 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Chen XZ 2017 | 46 | 15 | 31 | 46 | 19 | 27 | 41.3 ± 6.2 | 39.5 ± 7.8 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Feng EB 2022 | 90 | 39 | 51 | 90 | 37 | 53 | 59.17 ± 8.66 | 59.44 ± 8.69 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| He SY 2023 | 35 | 16 | 19 | 35 | 17 | 18 | 36.31 ± 2.98 | 35.23 ± 2.89 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Huang QY 2016 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 9 | 21 | 50.01 ± 1.29 | 49.65 ± 1.32 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lai SH 2016 | 53 | 33 | 20 | 53 | 35 | 18 | 34.6 ± 3.4 | 35.3 ± 3.2 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lei HM 2017 | 31 | 15 | 16 | 29 | 14 | 15 | 35.38 ± 10.2 | 35.59 ± 10.8 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Li N 2010 | 45 | 19 | 26 | 45 | 17 | 28 | 35–65 | 33–67 | CLMD | / | ZRAS | 0.18 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Liu Y 2022 | 43 | 25 | 18 | 43 | 23 | 20 | 45.31 ± 5.18 | 45.33 ± 5.21 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Luo JH 2020 | 30 | 18 | 12 | 30 | 23 | 7 | 35.32 ± 6.56 | 33.53 ± 5.68 | CLMD | / | Zolpidem tartrate | 10 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lv GL 2023 | 52 | 31 | 21 | 53 | 30 | 23 | 43.31 ± 8.98 | 43.25 ± 8.13 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | ICSD-3 | 4 |
| Wang B 2016 | 40 | 15 | 25 | 40 | 16 | 24 | 44.63 ± 9.17 | 43.31 ± 8.68 | CLMD | / | Oryzanol | 200 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang JL 2017 | 51 | / | / | 49 | / | / | / | / | CLMD | / | Zolpidem tartrate | 10 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang LZ 2016 | 30 | 8 | 22 | 30 | 11 | 19 | 44.07 ± 5.31 | 41.76 ± 5.54 | CLMD | / | TOL | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | *,† | ICSD-3 | 4 |
| Wen LM 2021 | 102 | 51 | 51 | 102 | 50 | 52 | 72.22 ± 8.09 | 72.16 ± 8.39 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Xin H 2017 | 140 | 53 | 87 | 140 | 63 | 77 | 45.4 ± 5.4 | 47.0 ± 6.2 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Xu CF 2014 | 32 | 18 | 14 | 32 | 19 | 13 | 46.1 ± 7.6 | 45.3 ± 6.8 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Yuan YH 2022 | 40 | 10 | 30 | 40 | 11 | 29 | 47.5 ± 6.9 | 47.2 ± 6.8 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zheng GL 2014 | 40 | 16 | 24 | 40 | 17 | 23 | 40.35 ± 10.31 | 39.35 ± 10.01 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhong W 2018 | 39 | 14 | 25 | 39 | 14 | 25 | / | / | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 2.5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhu HX 2021 | 35 | 21 | 14 | 35 | 22 | 13 | 53.9 ± 5.1 | 53.5 ± 4.9 | CLMD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Lin MM 2023 | 45 | 18 | 27 | 44 | 25 | 19 | 35.25 ± 7.66 | 35.12 ± 6.80 | CSP | 100 mL, pod, bid, 4 wk | Zopiclone | 3.75, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Yang DF 2015 | 60 | 23 | 37 | 60 | 26 | 34 | 18–68 | 19–65 | CSP | 100 mL, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Yin S 2008 | 33 | / | / | 31 | / | / | 32.16 ± 4.04 | 31.47 ± 3.17 | CSP | 100 mL, pod, bid, 2 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhang AL 2010 | 28 | 11 | 17 | 20 | 8 | 12 | 45.93 ± 4.30 | 45.95 ± 6.81 | CSP | 100 mL, pod, bid, 4 wk | TWBX | 3 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chen W 2014 | 45 | 27 | 18 | 44 | 27 | 17 | 46.3 ± 6.8 | 46.3 ± 6.8 | Guipi decoction | / | Alprazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Fu JJ 2013 | 55 | 21 | 34 | 55 | 23 | 32 | 20–65 | 21–64 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Guo CY 2011 | 60 | / | / | 60 | / | / | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| He XY 2015 | 77 | 45 | 32 | 63 | 40 | 23 | 49.5 ± 7.4 | 48.4 ± 6.9 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Jia QZ 2013 | 65 | / | / | 64 | / | / | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 6 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| Kong LK 2016 | 43 | 23 | 20 | 43 | 22 | 21 | 50.10 ± 2.22 | 50.05 ± 2.17 | Guipi decoction | / | Diazepatn | 10 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Li J 2012 | 36 | 13 | 23 | 32 | 12 | 20 | 42–75 | 42–75 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Liu GQ 2015 | 50 | / | / | 35 | / | / | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| 35 | / | / | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Suanzaoren | 2.4 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 | ||||
| Liu JM 2016 | 50 | 22 | 28 | 50 | 24 | 26 | 44.6 ± 1.3 | 45.2 ± 1.1 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 6 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| Liu YG 2018 | 24 | 17 | 7 | 24 | 18 | 6 | 45.3 ± 4.7 | 45.4 ± 4.8 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lv TM 2015 | 47 | 21 | 26 | 47 | 23 | 24 | 57.2 ± 2.3 | 58.7 ± 2.4 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Miao YN 2015 | 54 | 23 | 31 | 54 | 22 | 32 | 58.9 ± 2.4 | 59.0 ± 2.1 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Qi XM 2018 | 47 | 22 | 25 | 46 | 24 | 22 | 55.94 ± 11.49 | 56.30 ± 10.77 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Qian YH 2021 | 30 | 17 | 13 | 30 | 18 | 12 | 51.22 ± 10.15 | 51.24 ± 10.17 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Su LD 2010 | 48 | 17 | 31 | 48 | 20 | 28 | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang BD 2020 | 35 | 3 | 33 | 35 | 3 | 32 | 49 ± 4.3 | 49 ± 4.1 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Xu Y 2016 | 35 | 12 | 23 | 35 | 8 | 27 | 47.14 ± 17.26 | 46.00 ± 15.37 | Guipi decoction | / | Lorazepam | 20 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | ICSD-3 | 4 |
| Xue GT 2016 | 60 | 32 | 28 | 56 | 30 | 26 | 33.59 ± 6.12 | 36.24 ± 7.36 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Yang C 2015 | 42 | / | / | 42 | / | / | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Yao ZQ 2018 | 52 | 21 | 31 | 52 | 19 | 33 | 45.87 ± 9.62 | 44.69 ± 9.15 | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | †,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhao Y 2013 | 34 | / | / | 34 | / | / | / | / | Guipi decoction | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 12 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 12 |
| Zhu XZ 2017 | 65 | 31 | 34 | 64 | 30 | 34 | 53.69 ± 6.71 | 52.65 ± 6.58 | Guipi decoction | / | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chao Z 2013 | 35 | 21 | 14 | 15 | 10 | 5 | 33.09 ± 9.23 | 35.64 ± 8.15 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-2 | 2 |
| Chen XY 2020 | 30 | 18 | 12 | 30 | 16 | 14 | 18–75 | 18–74 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chen XM 2019 | 40 | 25 | 15 | 40 | 23 | 17 | 38.8 ± 4.6 | 38.6 ± 4.3 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Chen ZL 2010 | 40 | 12 | 20 | 40 | 11 | 17 | 39–62 | 40–60 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Gong XQ 2018 | 40 | 16 | 24 | 40 | 18 | 22 | 42.39 ± 6.75 | 42.16 ± 6.84 | HLWDD | / | Zopiclone | 3 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Han YH 2012 | 58 | 26 | 32 | 58 | 24 | 31 | 37.09 ± 11.23 | 37.64 ± 12.15 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Lin B 2014 | 60 | 19 | 41 | 60 | 22 | 38 | 22–65 | 21–67 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Liu M 2014 | 48 | / | / | 48 | / | / | / | / | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Ruan YX 2014 | 112 | 55 | 57 | 96 | 47 | 49 | 37.89 ± 8.93 | 38.29 ± 9.18 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Sheng XM 2020 | 43 | 19 | 24 | 43 | 16 | 27 | 44.55 ± 6.21 | 44.51 ± 6.11 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Su HM 2013 | 70 | 31 | 39 | 70 | 33 | 37 | 45.94 ± 4.6 | 46.12 ± 6.32 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Ta SM 2018 | 46 | 12 | 34 | 46 | 10 | 36 | 46.22 ± 3.86 | 46.19 ± 3.84 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Wei JQ 2022 | 31 | 19 | 12 | 31 | 18 | 13 | 54.4 ± 3.3 | 54.6 ± 3.4 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Ye SJ 2015 | 28 | / | / | 31 | / | / | 18–65 | 18–65 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Zhang M 2021 | 40 | 19 | 21 | 40 | 18 | 22 | 46.8 ± 7.0 | 45.5 ± 6.8 | HLWDD | / | TOL | 20 mL, pod, bid, 2 wk | † | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhao YH 2014 | 20 | 13 | 7 | 20 | 12 | 8 | 35.28 ± 11.2 | 35.79 ± 11.8 | HLWDD | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Bai HJ 2007 | 31 | 12 | 19 | 22 | 8 | 14 | 44.8 ± 14.1 | 48.9 ± 14.6 | Jieyu pill | 12 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Hong YB 2004 | 31 | 12 | 19 | 22 | 8 | 14 | / | / | Jieyu pill | 12 g, pod, tid, 6 wk | Trazodone | 0.255 mg, pod, qd, 6 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| Yang XC 2012 | 30 | 13 | 17 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 41 ± 12 | 43 ± 13 | Jieyu pill | 8 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhang LF 2010 | 52 | 32 | 20 | 48 | 26 | 22 | 17–45 | 18–46 | Jieyu pill | 4 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chen X 2013 | 42 | 15 | 27 | 40 | 14 | 26 | 24–69 | 25–71 | LXD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Li XQ 2021 | 75 | 42 | 33 | 75 | 40 | 35 | 54.29 ± 11.25 | 52.21 ± 9.98 | LXD | / | Anshenbunao syrup | 10 mL, pod, bid, 9 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 9 |
| Liu QL 2011 | 79 | 41 | 38 | 79 | 43 | 36 | 28–60 | 30–60 | LXD | / | Alprazolam | 2 mg, pod, tid, 3 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Lu JZ 2016 | 45 | 20 | 25 | 45 | 21 | 24 | 47.3 ± 3.4 | 46.5 ± 3.5 | LXD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lv GL 2021 | 60 | 30 | 30 | 60 | 33 | 27 | 45.6 ± 10.0 | 45.3 ± 10.2 | LXD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Ren DW 2018 | 30 | 19 | 11 | 30 | 21 | 9 | 35–75 | 32–69 | LXD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Shang XL 2021 | 40 | 22 | 18 | 35 | 19 | 16 | 48.3 ± 16.5 | 48.9 ± 16.3 | LXD | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Xu JY 2010 | 66 | 36 | 30 | 54 | 30 | 24 | 28–63 | 26–62 | LXD | / | Qiyeshenanpian | 100 mg, pod, tid, 3 wk | * | CCMD-2R | 3 |
| Yuan YS 2008 | 56 | 21 | 35 | 54 | 22 | 32 | 25–59 | 26–58 | LXD | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chen WJ 2022 | 216 | 75 | 141 | 72 | 19 | 53 | 59.12 ± 7.93 | 59.09 ± 7.58 | Qiyeshenanpian | 17 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | Placebo | / | *,†,‡ | ICD-10 | 4 |
| He CY 2022 | 202 | / | / | 68 | / | / | / | / | Qiyeshenanpian | 17 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | Placebo | / | *,‡ | ICD-10 | 4 |
| Liu LS 2017 | 100 | 40 | 60 | 100 | 43 | 57 | 44.9 ± 14.8 | 42.3 ± 17.4 | Qiyeshenanpian | 100 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Ni JL 2012 | 60 | / | / | 60 | / | / | 16–57 | 16–57 | Qiyeshenanpian | 100 mg, pod, tid, 2 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhao LL 2005 | 36 | 15 | 21 | 35 | 13 | 22 | 14–18 | 15–18 | Qiyeshenanpian | 100 mg, pod, tid, 2 wk | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Bu YF 2014 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 30 | 16 | 14 | 50.57 ± 10.57 | 50.03 ± 10.50 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 6 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 6 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| Chen YP 2017 | 30 | / | / | 30 | / | / | / | / | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| He EB 2020 | 30 | 23 | 20 | 30 | 21 | 22 | 55.12 ± 7.17 | 53.12 ± 8.92 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lu AY 2008 | 58 | / | / | 57 | / | / | 18–65 | 18–65 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, bid, 4 wk | *,† | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| Luo ZY 2009 | 33 | 15 | 18 | 33 | 16 | 17 | 45 ± 20 | 46 ± 22 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 1 wk | Alprazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | †,‡ | CCDM-3 | 1 |
| Song HX 2019 | 287 | 164 | 123 | 287 | 158 | 129 | 73.36 ± 10.82 | 72.94 ± 10.47 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Zopiclone | 3 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Sun AH 2015 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 44.39 ± 10.61 | 45.13 ± 11.03 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 3 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Xia LF 2015 | 49 | 23 | 27 | 47 | 20 | 27 | 52.9 ± 11.0 | 51.3 ± 14.6 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| Meng B 2013 | 35 | 20 | 15 | 35 | 19 | 16 | 71.35 ± 7.58 | 72.06 ± 8.14 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Alprazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| Zheng C 2018 | 40 | 21 | 19 | 40 | 22 | 18 | 47.8 ± 15.4 | 48.2 ± 14.7 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| Zhu X 2018 | 61 | 38 | 33 | 61 | 39 | 22 | 43.52 ± 5.26 | 43.96 ± 5.21 | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| Chen S 2022 | 8 | / | / | 11 | / | / | / | / | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Placebo | / | *,‡ | DSM-5 | 4 |
| Li L 2021 | 104 | 48 | 56 | 99 | 34 | 65 | / | / | SMC | 1.2 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | Placebo | / | * | CCDM-3 | 4 |
| Bai YX 2022 | 41 | / | / | 41 | / | / | 37.24 ± 6.13 | 37.53 ± 6.22 | Suanzaoren | / | Diazepatn | 2.5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Chen H 2014 | 50 | 29 | 21 | 50 | 27 | 23 | 72.46 ± 8.90 | 71.46 ± 8.03 | Suanzaoren | / | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Feng HP 2011 | 78 | 31 | 47 | 69 | 25 | 44 | 20–69 | 19–68 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Fu GL 2019 | 48 | 25 | 23 | 48 | 24 | 24 | 45.1 ± 6.2 | 44.6 ± 7.9 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 12 wk | *,† | ICD-10 | 16 |
| Gao SC 2013 | 70 | 19 | 51 | 70 | 22 | 48 | 63.07 ± 3.53 | 62.36 ± 4.16 | Suanzaoren | / | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | ICD-10 | 4 |
| Jiang XH 2012 | 40 | 20 | 20 | 40 | 20 | 20 | / | / | Suanzaoren | / | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Li L 2005 | 35 | 18 | 16 | 35 | 21 | 14 | 37.6 ± 2.4 | 38.1 ± 2.2 | Suanzaoren | / | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, bid, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Li JF 2020 | 37 | / | / | 37 | / | / | 27–73 | 27–73 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Li LS 2013 | 76 | 34 | 42 | 68 | 30 | 38 | 19–58 | 18–57 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Liu L 2019 | 44 | 23 | 21 | 44 | 22 | 22 | 56.06 ± 10.27 | 54.28 ± 11.37 | Suanzaoren | / | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Liu YB 2021 | 35 | 15 | 20 | 35 | 17 | 18 | 46.3 ± 2.3 | 46.0 ± 2.0 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | †,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Ma YF 2019 | 60 | 31 | 29 | 60 | 32 | 28 | 38.15 ± 4.87 | 37.44 ± 5.09 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| She YQ 2009 | 60 | / | / | 59 | / | / | 36.68 ± 8.53 | 35.32 ± 9.13 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Tian HY 2019 | 66 | 35 | 31 | 66 | 30 | 36 | 50.13 ± 7.82 | 49.24 ± 7.01 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang JB 2014 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 30 | 11 | 19 | 46.3 ± 7.4 | 44.1 ± 8.2 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 6 |
| Wang H 2013 | 30 | 14 | 16 | 30 | 15 | 15 | / | / | Suanzaoren | / | Lorazepam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang ZM 2021 | 25 | 15 | 10 | 25 | 14 | 11 | 48.2 ± 3.5 | 49.5 ± 3.6 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Wu LM 2020 | 57 | 20 | 37 | 57 | 28 | 29 | 45.16 ± 5.79 | 45.81 ± 5.58 | Suanzaoren | / | SMC | 0.4 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wu WF 2020 | 34 | 16 | 18 | 33 | 15 | 18 | 44.76 ± 10.41 | 45.03 ± 9.19 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | † | ICSD-3 | 8 |
| Xiao CJ 2020 | 60 | / | / | 60 | / | / | 40.63 ± 3.71 | 40.58 ± 3.62 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Xu JS 2013 | 44 | 20 | 24 | 44 | 19 | 25 | 34.5 ± 7.4 | 32.9 ± 8.1 | Suanzaoren | / | Alprazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, tid, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhang JF 2023 | 21 | 6 | 15 | 21 | 7 | 14 | 53.17 ± 4.25 | 52.85 ± 4.32 | Suanzaoren | / | Diazepatn | 5 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Zhang QQ 2018 | 40 | 19 | 21 | 40 | 18 | 22 | 43.33 ± 3.42 | 42.36 ± 3.57 | Suanzaoren | / | Lorazepam | 1 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhang YX 2013 | 60 | 29 | 31 | 60 | 32 | 28 | 39.11 ± 5.29 | 40.94 ± 4.38 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhou LX 2014 | 30 | 11 | 19 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 42.1 ± 3.4 | 42.8 ± 3.1 | Suanzaoren | / | Oryzanol | 20 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhou CB 2018 | 42 | 24 | 18 | 42 | 23 | 19 | 38.6 ± 3.1 | 38.7 ± 3.2 | Suanzaoren | / | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chan YY 2015 | 45 | / | / | 45 | / | / | / | / | Suanzaoren | / | Placebo | / | *,† | DSM-5 | 4 |
| Hu LL 2015 | 60 | / | / | 59 | / | / | / | / | Suanzaoren | / | Lorazepam | 1 mg, pod, tid, 4 wk | †,‡ | ICD-10 | 6 |
| Scholey A 2017 | 82 | / | / | 78 | / | / | / | / | Suanzaoren | / | Placebo | / | †,‡ | ICSD-3 | 7 |
| Zeng ZC 2013 | 50 | 30 | 20 | 50 | 28 | 22 | 41.7 ± 4.2 | 41.2 ± 3.8 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Chen JX 2014 | 35 | 16 | 19 | 35 | 15 | 18 | 34.2 ± 9.46 | 36.8 ± 10.78 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Feng XD 2008 | 25 | / | / | 23 | / | / | / | / | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 8 wk | Estazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, qd, 8 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 8 |
| Huang XY 2011 | 50 | 21 | 29 | 50 | 19 | 31 | 44.58 ± 10.25 | 44.20 ± 7.83 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Jin X 2012 | 24 | / | / | 24 | / | / | / | / | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Bailemian | 1.08 g, pod, bid, 4 wk | *,† | DSM-5 | 4 |
| Li YM 2006 | 36 | 20 | 16 | 20 | 11 | 9 | 77 ± 9 | 72 ± 7 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Suanzaoren | 0.4 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | DSM-5 | 4 |
| Liu XY 2018 | 36 | 10 | 26 | 35 | 7 | 28 | 57.33 ± 9.76 | 59.45 ± 12.88 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Miu WP 2012 | 35 | / | / | 34 | / | / | 58–77 | 58–77 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Oryzanol | 10 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang J 2021 | 49 | 30 | 19 | 49 | 27 | 22 | 50.48 ± 7.51 | 49.85 ± 7.90 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhang WT 2011 | 31 | 17 | 14 | 31 | 16 | 15 | 25–58 | 23–57 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Alprazolam | 0.4 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhu HF 2009 | 32 | 14 | 18 | 30 | 15 | 15 | 46.2 ± 6.5 | 45.1 ± 6.2 | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Lin Y 2012 | 99 | 28 | 71 | 102 | 26 | 76 | / | / | Wuling capsule | 0.99 g, pod, tid, 4 wk | Placebo | / | †,‡ | ICD-10 | 4 |
| Feng JW 2021 | 34 | 14 | 20 | 34 | 15 | 19 | 45.11 ± 5.05 | 44.54 ± 5.28 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 3 wk | Estazolam | 2 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Fu JL 2019 | 43 | 23 | 20 | 43 | 22 | 21 | 53.28 ± 5.24 | 53.50 ± 5.18 | ZRAS | 4.5 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | CLMD | / | * | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Gan JG 2013 | 60 | / | / | 60 | / | / | 67.2 ± 5.0 | 66.5 ± 9.2 | ZRAS | 4.5 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Alprazolam | 0.8 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Huang Y 2013 | 45 | 21 | 24 | 45 | 22 | 23 | 18.3 ± 5.4 | 15.4 ± 6.3 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Li GR 2012 | 30 | 13 | 17 | 30 | 15 | 15 | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 2 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Liang Y 2016 | 40 | / | / | 40 | / | / | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Liu HY 2017 | 60 | 26 | 34 | 60 | 30 | 30 | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 2 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Liu Y 2009 | 30 | 12 | 18 | 30 | 13 | 17 | 36.9 ± 11.48 | 37.2 ± 11.36 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| 30 | 13 | 17 | 36.9 ± 11.48 | 37.8 ± 11.38 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Placebo | / | *,† | CCMD-3 | 4 | ||||
| Liu Z 2021 | 52 | 30 | 22 | 52 | 29 | 23 | 48.29 ± 6.64 | 48.63 ± 7.42 | ZRAS | 4.5 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Zopiclone | 3 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | †,‡ | ICSD-3 | 4 |
| Qin GX 2007 | 63 | 25 | 38 | 62 | 23 | 39 | 36.3 | 35.8 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 2 wk | Clonazepam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Sun HH 2019 | 55 | 24 | 31 | 55 | 28 | 27 | 49–73 | 48–70 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 2 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 2 wk | *,† | CCMD-3 | 2 |
| Wang J 2017 | 64 | 39 | 25 | 64 | 38 | 26 | 42.6 ± 10.1 | 42.5 ± 11.3 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Zopiclone | 3 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Wang X 2017 | 41 | 20 | 21 | 41 | 19 | 22 | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Wu SK 2020 | 120 | 48 | 72 | 120 | 45 | 75 | 51.07 ± 8.28 | 50.85 ± 8.96 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Placebo | / | *,†,‡ | DSM-5 | 4 |
| Xu C 2011 | 75 | 35 | 40 | 75 | 33 | 42 | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Alprazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| Zhang J 2016 | 34 | 16 | 18 | 34 | 17 | 17 | 43.5 ± 5.7 | 43.4 ± 5.3 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 3 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Zhang SN 2018 | 30 | 9 | 21 | 30 | 4 | 26 | 46.17 ± 9.92 | 49.70 ± 12.22 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Zopiclone | 7.5 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 |
| 30 | 13 | 17 | 46.17 ± 9.92 | 46.77 ± 11.53 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Placebo | / | *,†,‡ | CCMD-3 | 4 | ||||
| Zhang YW 2019 | 41 | 21 | 20 | 41 | 22 | 19 | 43.5 ± 5.7 | 43.4 ± 5.6 | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 3 wk | Estazolam | 1 mg, pod, qd, 3 wk | *,‡ | CCMD-3 | 3 |
| Birling Y 2022 | 38 | / | / | 47 | / | / | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Placebo | / | ‡ | DSM-5 | 4 |
| Zhu X 2022 | 32 | 14 | 18 | 32 | 11 | 21 | / | / | ZRAS | 2.25 g, pod, qd, 4 wk | Zolpidem tartrate | 10 mg, pod, qd, 4 wk | ‡ | DSM-5 | 4 |
bid = twice a day, BZYXW = baizi yangxin wan, CCMD-2-R = the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, Second Revised Edition, CCMD-3 = the updated version 3 Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders, CG = control group, CLMD = chaihu longgu muli decoction, CSP = chaihu shugan powder, DSM-5 = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5, HLWDD = Huanglian Wendan decoction, ICD-10 = International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems tenth edition, ICSD-3 = International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Third Edition, IG = intervention group, LXD = longdan xiegan decoction, po = oral administration, qd = once a day, SMC = shumian capsule, SST = shenqi schisandra tablet, tid = 3 times a day, TOL = tianmeng oral liquid, TWBX = tianwang buxin wan, ZRAS = zaoren anshen capsule
*
Clinical effectiveness rate.
†
PSQI.
‡
Adverse effects rate.