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. 2025 Aug 7;13:1549475. doi: 10.3389/fped.2025.1549475

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© 2025 Chen, Xu, Wu, Zhou and Wang.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Bar charts compare cytokine levels in asthma and non-asthma groups. Th1 cytokines (IL-2 p=0.750; TNF-a p=0.816), Th2 cytokines (IL-4 p=0.224; IL-5 p=0.473; IL-13 p=0.162), chemokines (MIP-1a p=0.340), matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-9 p=0.970; TIMP-1 p=0.670), and epithelial cell-derived cytokines (TSLP p=0.174; IL-25 p=0.901; IL-33 p=0.484) show non-significant differences, with blue representing asthma and red for non-asthma. — Comparison of serum level of cytokines between patients with and without asthma.