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. 2025 Aug 7;16:1569247. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1569247

Table 3.

Vestibular function test results showing abnormal caloric test, abnormal horizontal vHIT, and catch-up saccades during the vHIT in MD, pMD, VM, and pVM patients.

Diagnosis MD pMD VM pVM p-value
Abnormal horizontal vHITa, n (%) 29 (15.3%)
n = 190
10 (10.6%)
n = 94
7 (7.1%)
n = 99
8 (4.6%)
n = 173
0.005b
Catch-up saccadesc, n (%) Ipsilesional
54 (28.9%)
n = 187
Contralesional
17 (9.1%)
n = 187
16 (17.0%)
n = 94
12 (12.0%)
n = 100
19 (10.7%)
n = 177
<0.001d
Abnormal caloric teste, n (%) 118 (66.3%)
n = 178
50 (54.3%)
n = 92
26 (28.0%)
n = 93
27 (16.6%)
n = 163
<0.001f
a

Gain <0.8 and presence of ipsilateral catch-up saccades.

b

Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with the Chi-square test revealed significant differences between MD and VM (p = 0.045), and MD and pVM (p < 0.001).

c

Catch-up saccades during the vHIT for pMD, VM, and pVM patients were labeled as present in case of presence on at least one, but any, side.

d

p-value given for the comparison of ipsilesional catch-up saccades in MD, compared with any catch-up saccades in VM, pMD and pVM. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with the Chi-square test revealed significant differences between MD and VM (p = 0.001), MD and pMD (p = 0.030) and MD and pVM (p < 0.001).

e

UW ≥ 22%.

f

Post-hoc pairwise comparisons with the Chi-square test revealed significant differences between MD and VM (p < 0.001), MD and pVM (p < 0.001), pMD and VM (p < 0.001), pMD and pVM (p < 0.001), and VM and pVM (p = 0.030).

MD, definite unilateral Menière’s disease; pMD, probable Menière’s disease; VM, definite vestibular migraine; pVM, probable vestibular migraine; n, number of patients; vHIT, video head impulse test.